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Summary Civil Rights in the USA : Woman Full Revision Notes

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Civil Rights in the USA : Revision Notes Revision Notes broken up into themes and sub-themes for ease. For example: Topic: The Position of African Americans in 1865 (The Reconstruction Period) What was the position of African Americans in 1865? Subtopic: The Position of African America...

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  • May 31, 2022
  • 27
  • 2021/2022
  • Summary

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  • civil rights in the usa
  • history a level
  • ocr
  • women
  • trade unions
  • african americans
  • native american

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Civil Rights in the USA (1865-1992):
Women
The Position of Women in 1865

 Between the American Revolution (1776-83) and the 1860s there had been considerable
political changes in the USA that reflected changes in society
 Socially and politically more democratic for the white male population
 Right to vote not extended to women
 Women did not represent their states in Congress
 Began to play a larger, more visible role in role in public affairs

Women in Public Affairs before the Civil War

 Women were increasingly active in several ways in 18 th C
o As a result of a growth in religious enthusiasm women were often active in church
societies, Sunday schools and religious meetings
o Women participated in the campaign against slavery and were often ardent
abolitionists, supporting the end of slavery in the South
o Some (like former slave Harriet Tubman) played a heroic role in rescuing slaves and
helping them to reach free territory in the North
o Promotion of temperance – discouraging the drinking of alcohol
o Development of a movement for women suffrage
 There was a link between the social concerns that women took an interest in and organised
themselves to promote the wider political issue of suffrage
 In order to promote change women needed to have a political voice at national, state and
local level
 The sheer number of organisations for such causes shows that before the Civil war women
were expanding their interests outside the home
o Involved in organisation for
 Helping the poor
 Disseminating knowledge about childcare & motherhood
 Bible study and teaching
 Campaigns for better working conditions & better property rights
o Concerned w. movement for moral reform and opposition to prostitution
 The prevailing concept that a woman’s place was in the home remained strong until well
into the 20th C
o Politically active women remained in a minority




Page 1 of 27
Civil Rights in the USA - Women

,Political Participation

 It was the anti-slavery movement that led to women organising to promote a political cause
 The first female Anti-Slavery Convention (1837) and was a model for organisation set up to
demand voting rights for women
 First convention held to discuss female suffrage was in Seneca Falls, New York 1848
o Put the issue into a wider context discussing the social, civil and religious condition
and rights of women
 Abolition of slavery and temperance were often concerns of white, m/c women
o Also AA women who linked abolitionism w/ women’s rights
 If women had the vote they would bring compassion and social concern to bear on political
decisions
 A notable AA campaigner was Sojourner Truth
o 1851 “Ain’t I a women” speech famous
 Main instigators of the Seneca Falls convention which led to regular meetings were m/c
women
o Lucretia Mott
 founded American Anti-Society in 1833
 helped organise Seneca Falls Convention
 founded the American Equal Rights Association in 1866
o Elizabeth Cady Stanton
 led to formation of the National Woman Suffrage Association 1869
 helped organise Seneca Falls Convention
 the cause of women’s rights had able and eloquent leaders to act as role models for later
campaigners

Economic and Social Developments

 the interest of women in public causes was a reflection of the diversification in US society
 there had been the development of urbanisation, new technology bringing easier
communication, greater literacy and better education for women before 1865
 for those who prospered from the expansion of trade and industry, there was a new interest
in domesticity
o women not sharing the labours on the farm or in the workshop or pioneering
expansion but being responsible for the home
 with greater prosperity more m/c women did not work outside the home and had more time
to get involved w/ causes by the mid-19 th C
o these were a minority
 most women struggled w/ day to day survival and these causes did not concern their daily
reality
 for some expectations that they would look after and nurture the family became transferred
to wider social concerns
o looking after the interests of the wider community and bringing ‘womanly’ values of
care and love to those in need
o to do this effectively required a more public profile
 this led to demands for women to have political representation




Page 2 of 27
Civil Rights in the USA - Women

, The Impact of the Civil War

 Harriet Beecher Stowe’s novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) did much to publicise opposition to
slavery
 many women wanted to vote to oppose slavery
 the men who led the abolitionist movement were not comfortable when the cause of
women’s rights became associated w/ the cause of the abolition of slavery
 active abolition leaders did not want to lose support by making it appear that abolitionist
were also feminists
 after the civil war the cause of AA rights and the cause of women’s rights became separated



How did the Civil War Affect Women

 led to more public participation by women
 women did not fight but supported the war effort on both sides
o organised charitable organisations and fund raising for the respective causes
 war became something like a modern total war when Union forces marched through the
South destroying crops and plantations in an effort to hit the economy of the Southern
heartland
 with men away women had to take the greater economic responsibility
o often left alone to take the brunt of this new type of warfare
 ideas of women being unfit for anything except genteel domestic activity were at odds w/
the reality of war in the south
 in the north the heavy demand for meant to fight meant that women had to take on more
work
 the war brought considerable economic & social change and disruption
 the industries of the north expanded
 old ways challenged in south w/ the granting of political rights to AA
o previously exploited and disenfranchised
o now could vote and sit in Congress and state legislatures
 If AA could do this why not women? - important part in war and campaign for abolition
 Kleinburg summed up impact
o contributed to the redefinition of women’s political roles
o gained moral authority
 many women did not want to return to pre-war domesticity and built on their wartime
experience of working in the public sphere

The End of the War

 by 1865 the opportunities for greater change for women seemed strong
 extensive inequalities to overcome
o few men supported political rights for women
o w/ growth of industry and greater prosperity came the view that the women’s place
was inside the home and men’s place outside the home
o greatest female employments were in domestic services e.g. cleaning or low paid
manufacturing
o westward expansion meant men and women working together


Page 3 of 27
Civil Rights in the USA - Women

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