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Summary of VSEPR Theory and DIPOLE MOMENT
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Summary of VSEPR Theory and DIPOLE MOMENT
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Using VSEPR to Predict the Shapes of MoleculesElectron
Electron-Group Lone Molecular Bond Hybrid
Groups on Bonds2 AXmEn3 Polarity Appearance
Shape Pairs Shape angles -ization
central atom1
180°
2 2 0 AX2 linear 180° nonpolar4 sp
Linear
trigonal
3 0 AX3 120° nonpolar4 sp2
planar
3 120°
2 1 AX2E bent <120°5 polar sp2
Trigonal Planar
<120°
4 0 AX4 tetrahedral 109.5° nonpolar4 sp3
109.5°
trigonal
4 3 1 AX3E
pyramidal
<109.5° polar sp3
<109.5°
Tetrahedral
2 2 AX2E2 bent <109.5° polar sp3
<109.5°
1
“Electron groups” include bonds, lone pairs, and odd (unpaired) electrons. A multiple bond (double bond or triple bond) counts as one electron group.
2
A multiple bond (double bond or triple bond) counts as one bond in the VSEPR model.
3
A = central atom, X = surrounding atoms, E = lone pairs
4
Molecules with this shape are nonpolar when all of the atoms connected to the central atom are the same. If the atoms connected to the central atom are different from each other, the molecular
polarity needs to be considered on a case-by-case basis.
5
Since electrons in lone pairs take up more room than electrons in covalent bonds, when lone pairs are present the bond angles are “squashed” slightly compared to the basic structure without lone
pairs.
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