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Essay Unit 10 - Biological Molecules and Metabolic Pathways

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  • June 2, 2022
  • 45
  • 2020/2021
  • Essay
  • Unknown
  • A+

Subjects

  • biological molecules
  • biochemical processes
  • applied science
  • applied
  • science
  • unit
  • unit
  • 10a
  • unit 10a
  • unit 10
  • biological molecules and biochemical processes

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  • BTEC
  • PEARSON (PEARSON)
  • Applied Science 2016 NQF
  • Unit 10 - Biological Molecules and Metabolic Pathways
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A Understand the structure and function of biological
molecules and their importance in maintaining biochemical
processes

Disruption of biochemical processes research task

Interference in plant growth regulators
Overview of plant hormones
Plant hormones (phytohormones) are chemicals that plants produce that govern their development, growth,
reproductive processes, survival, and even death. These tiny molecules are derived from secondary metabolism and
are responsible for plant adaptation to stimuli in the environment.
Plants are complex systems and can adapt in several ways to the environment.
They have adapted to deal with abiotic pressures, such as water scarcity, and they have a number of adaptations to
shield them from herbivorous treatment.
In response to environmental signals such as light and gravity, they also demonstrate directional development. These
are tropisms.
Plants are multicellular species living in an ecosystem which is dynamic and ever-changing.
The major restrictions on plants are that they are rooted, they are not agile, and they do not have a nervous system
that reacts quickly.
They are co-ordinated species that exhibit consistent responses to their surroundings, cell-to-cell contact, and also
Among various plants, communication.
Many plant reaction timescales are slower than those of animal responses, but they still respond as a result of
complex chemical interactions.
Plants also established a hormone-chemical mechanism that is generated in one plant area and transferred both
through the tissues of transport and from cell to cell and has an impact in another part of the plant.
Plants create chemicals that signal to other species-to protect themselves from insect pest attacks and can interfere
with other plants.
They also develop herbivore-defence chemicals.

Roles of the different plant hormones (general)
The organic compounds that can affect different physiological processes taking place within plants are plant
hormones. They help to control and coordinate procedures such as photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, etc.

Plant hormones are split into the following major classes, based on their chemical nature and occurrence.
Auxins
It is one of the major classes of plant hormones that affect both the growth of plants and the growth of new plants.
ethylene
In plant growth and development, ethylene gas plays several significant roles. It can also be delivered in artificial
ways to plants to meet their needs.
Polyamines
It is another broad group of organic compounds that play an important role in some plants' development.
Cytokinin's-to stop lettuce leaf yellowing, to encourage shoot growth
Gibberellins are used to delay senescence in citrus fruits, to elongate apples in conjunction with cytokinins, to
elongate grape stalks, to brew beer for the processing of malt, to increase the yield of sugar cane, to accelerate the
development of seeds in young conifer trees, to avoid accommodation in young conifer trees

,Hormone 1 in detail - What happens if there is a disruption to the structure or function, leading to major changes
in normal biochemical processes and how these are intentionally disrupted for human benefit

In a plant, the auxin group of hormones has a broad variety of applications. In all tissues in a plant, Auxin molecules
are located. They tend, though, to be clustered in meristems, centres of development that are at the forefront of
growth. These centres release molecules of auxin, which are then dispersed into the roots. In this way, depending on
the gradient of the concentration of auxin, the plant can coordinate its size and the growth and development of
various tissues.
Many different cellular pathways are affected by Auxin. Cytoplasmic streaming, the passage of fluids within a cell,
and even the activity of different enzymes may be influenced at the molecular level by auxin molecules. This offers
direct control over the development, growth, and proliferation of individual cells inside the plant through auxin.
Processes like flower initiation, fruit growth, and even tuber and bulb formation are directly influenced by the auxin
gradient. Auxin levels impact mechanisms such as phototropism and on a regular basis, which helps the plant to
follow the sun and obtain the most energy. The auxin manages this mechanism by looking away from the sun on the
side of the plant.
I
n the commercial world this hormone is used for many different things such as Hormone rooting powders this is done
in a series f different instruction which are:
The addition of auxin to cut shoots promotes the development of roots, allowing us to propagate new plants (a small
piece of stem) from cuttings.

Put finally in compost or soil and roots emerge and a new type of plant.
Dipping the cut plant into hormone rooting powder increases the probability of developing roots and propagation
success.

Propagation happens by micropredation on a wide scale (thousands of new plants grown from a few initial plant
cells).

In this process, plant hormones are vital: they regulate the development of the mass of new cells and then separate
the clones into tiny new plants.
Using this prosses has helped mankind a lot as a lot of our food sources come from plants and this helps it grow
faster and long in a shorted period.

Another one is weed killer:
If the hormone equilibrium is lost in a plant, it will interrupt the plant's metabolism, which is what the weed killers try
to do.

Weeds can conflict with food crops that compete for minerals, space, water and light.




Synthetic auxins serve as very potent weed killers that are fast and inexpensive to make and have low mammalian
toxicity and are selective.
Narrow-leaved monocot plants (rice, maize and wheat) are several major staple foods and most weeds are
broadleaf dicots.
Synthetic auxins are ingested by large leaf plants and affect their metabolism, increasing the growth rate and
becoming unsustainable and dying.

Close-leaved crops are not affected.
How this is usfull-Some plants are destroyed by targeted weed killers, but not others. This can be good without
damaging the grass, to get rid of dandelions in a garden. A growth hormone is found in the selective weed killer that
allows the weeds to grow too rapidly and die. Although the weeds have wider branches, the weed killer is ingested by

,the weeds in greater amounts than it is by the grass. Due to particular plants being destroyed, selective weed killers
may decrease biodiversity within treated areas.

To encourage growth, the rooting powder contains plant hormones.

Dipped in rooting powder, a small potted plant carries

Prior to planting, plant cuttings should be coated in hormone rooting powder.
In order to regulate plant growth, synthetic plant hormones are used. Rooting powder, for example, produces growth
hormones that rapidly establish roots by creating stem cuttings.




Hormone 2 in detail - What happens if there is a disruption to the structure or function, leading to major changes
in normal biochemical processes and how these are intentionally disrupted for human benefit

Ethene (ethylene) is, by tonnage, the most valuable organic chemical that is made. It is the building stone for a wide
variety of chemicals, from plastics to solvents and antifreeze solutions.

Ethene Functions:
1 Growth:

ethene inhibits longitudinal growth but promotes axis swelling and transverse or horizontal growth.
2. Severity:

It reduces gravity sensitivity. Roots, though stems transform positively geotropic, become Apo-geotropic. Drooping
leaves and flowers. Epinasty is what the syndrome is called. Tight epicotyl hooks grow in seedlings.
3. Senescence:

The senescence of the leaves and flowers is hastening.
4. Abscission:

Abscission of different sections (leaves, flowers, fruits) is induced by ethene that induces hydrolase formation.
5. Abscisic acid:

The production of abscisic acid in the leaves is evidently mediated by ethene under conditions of water tension.




6. Rice Seedling Growth:




In deep-water rice plants, ethylene facilitates rapid elongation of leaf bases and internodes. As a consequence, leaves
stay above water

Ethene is interested in the maturation of fruit from the climate (bananas, tomatoes, mangoes and avocados).
After they are picked, they begin to ripen.
This maturation is related to a peak of reactions causing ethene production, involving an increased rate of
respiration.

, The bunch can grow quicker than a bag without a ripe banana if you put bananas in a bag with a single ripe banana-
the ethene from the ripe banana triggers the ripening of the green ones.
Non-climactic fruits do not contain a lot of ethene (oranges, strawberries and watermelon) and do not mature much
after picking

For example, in the industry sector they use it to manufacture antifreeze, people use ethene without even
understanding it. Ethene glycol is used to make vehicles, aircraft, and vessels with antifreeze and de-icing solutions.
It's also used in stamp sheets, ballpoint pens, and print shops for hydraulic brake fluids and inks. Ethylene glycol is a
compound of 1,2-glycol formed by the water reaction of ethylene oxide.




Disruption 2 (choose from list)
Overview of disruption - The effects caused by disruption of biological molecules

Over 300 million people suffer from diabetes mellitus, Diabetes mellitus is distinguished by abnormally elevated
blood sugar (glucose) levels. It activates the release of the hormone insulin from the pancreas when the amount of
glucose in the blood increases, e.g., after a meal. Insulin promotes the absorption of glucose from the blood by
muscle and fat cells and stimulates the liver to metabolise glucose, allowing the amount of blood sugar to drop to
normal levels.
Blood sugar levels remain elevated in persons with diabetes. This could be because insulin is not generated at all, is
not produced at acceptable amounts, or is not as productive as it should be.
The structures of the biological molecules involved related to their function and importance in the human body.
Type 1 diabetes (5 percent), which is an autoimmune disorder, and type 2 diabetes (95 percent), which is associated
with obesity, are the most common forms of diabetes. Gestational diabetes is a form of pregnancy-related diabetes,
and other forms of diabetes are very rare and are caused by a single mutation in the gene. For many years,
researchers have been searching for clues in our genetic makeup that may explain why some individuals are more
likely than others to get diabetes. 'The Diabetes Genetic Landscape' introduces some of the genes that have been
suggested to play a role in diabetes development.
Diabetes mellitus is distinguished by abnormally elevated blood sugar (glucose) levels.




What happens if there is a disruption to the structure or function, leading to major changes in normal biochemical
processes.
The most significant monosaccharide present in our body is glucose. It belongs to the monosaccharide hexose
category. With the exception of cardiac myocytes, glucose provides energy to all the cells in our body. Excess glucose
is in the form of storage molecules stored in the body.
The level of glucose in your blood rises when you digest a meal, particularly one high in carbohydrate foods such as
bread, pasta and cakes. As an energy source for cellular respiration, glucose is important for the cells of the body,
especially the brain and muscles. The levels of blood sugar could drop dangerously low if you don't eat for a long time
or do a lot of exercise. It is necessary to regulate the glucose content in your blood (often referred to as the blood
sugar level) so that it does not climb too high or fall too low. The pancreas, an organ that generates digestive
enzymes and hormones to stabilise blood glucose levels, is responsible for this regulation.
Blood glucose regulates the Cells use glucose for respiration. It is necessary to retain a steady level of glucose
concentration in the blood. Insulin is a pancreas-produced hormone that controls blood glucose levels. Blood glucose
is normally maintained at a concentration of around 90mg cm-3 of blood.

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