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Unit 8B - Lymphatic disorders
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Impact of lymphatic disorder andassociated treatments
Introduction to the lymphatic system
There are three main functions of the lymphatic system. It returns surplus interstitial fluid to the circulation,
first. Around 90 per cent of the material that exits the capillary is returned. The 10% that does not return
becomes part of the tissue cells' interstitial fluid that covers them. Small protein molecules can "leak" and
increase the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid through the capillary wall. The return of fluid into the
capillaries is further inhibited by this and fluid continues to collect in the tissue spaces. Blood flow and blood
pressure drop dramatically as this happens, and the volume of skin fluid increases, resulting in oedema
(swelling). The residual interstitial fluid and proteins are swept up by lymph capillaries and added to the
venous blood. It is called lymph since the blood reaches the lymph capillaries. The second function of the
lymphatic system is the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system and the
subsequent transport of these substances to the venous circulation. The mucosa that lines the small intestine
is coated with finger - shaped projections called villi. In the middle of each villus, blood capillaries and unique
lymph capillaries, called lacteals, are found. Most nutrients are absorbed by the blood capillaries, but the
lacteal absorbs the fats and fat-soluble vitamins. Owing to its high fat content, the lymph in the lacteal has a
milky texture and is called chyle. The lymphatic system's third and perhaps most well-known feature is
protection against attacking microorganisms and disease. In order to kill microorganisms and other foreign
objects, lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs philtre the lymph. Lymphocytes that kill invading microbes
are found in lymph organs.
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, Lymph nodes
Lymph nodes are small tissues located along the lymphatic vessels that are bean-shaped. The nodes in the
lymph serve as filters. Various immune system cells trap germs in the lymph nodes and cause the production
of special antibodies in the blood. Swollen or painful lymph node are a warning that the immune system is
involved in battling an infection. Hundreds of lymph nodes are found in the body. The primary function of the
lymph nodes is to recognise and combat infection by filtering lymph. Each antibody has a fixed single target,
an antigen, to which it can bind. These circulate in the bloodstream and the antibodies bind to it and induce
an immune reaction if they find this goal. Each B cell produces numerous antibodies, and lymph nodes are
guided by this mechanism. Lymph nodes, such as the neck, armpits, abdomen and groin, are part of the
lymphatic system and are found around the body. Bacteria, cancer cells and other foreign particles are
washed out and swallowed by macrophages in the lymph nodes. It gathers up lymphocytes and some
antibodies as the fluid exits the nodes. Dendritic cells capture antigenic material that circulates in the lymph
and blood in the lymph nodes and present it to the resident lymphocytes. This allowed T and B-cells to be
manufactured. They will mount an immune response on their surfaces against infecting species that have
these antigens.
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Lymphatic organs
The lymph node's primary main job is to filter the lymph and then create an immune response against
microbes/antigens that are stuck. There is primary and secondary lymphoid organs. The primary lymphatic
organs include the bone marrow and the thymus. The roles present here is to create special immune system
cells called lymphocytes. The secondary lymphatic organs include the lymph nodes, the spleen, and the
tonsils. It is in these organs where the immune system cells do their job of combating germs and foreign
substances. Lymph filtering assists in the elimination of particles that are not commonly present in the serum.
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Class notes/powerpoint
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279395/
https://www.nature.com/articles/nri1669#:~:text=In%20essence%2C%20the%20spleen%20is,support%20the%20larger
%20vasculature%20(Fig.
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