Class notes

Histology - Immune System

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Course
Human Anatomy And Physiology

Institution
University Of Ottawa (U Of O )

Hi everyone ! These notes will definitely help you with Histology. All the notes are precise and contain all the points you should know about these topics. So, you can use them as class notes, as well as summaries to get prepared well for your exams. Hope you guys will love these !

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Uploaded on June 30, 2022
Number of pages 6
Written in 2021/2022
Type Class notes
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Histology Exam Aid

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1. Class notes - Histology - digestive glands
2. Class notes - Histology - endocrine system
3. Class notes - Histology - female reproduction system
4. Class notes - Histology - male reproductive system
5. Class notes - Histology - immune system
6. Class notes - Histology - immune system
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▪ Components of the respiratory system ;

Nose → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Lung

Upper Respiratory Lower Respiratory
System System

▪ 2 Functional components of the respiratory system ;
1) The conducting portion - Nasal cavity , pharynx , larynx , trachea , bronchi , bronchioles , terminal bronchioles
* Functions :- to warm, humidify and clean inhaled air
2) The respiratory portion - Respiratory bronchioles , alveolar ducts , alveolar sac , alveoli
* Function :- to exchange gas

Trachea - 3 layers

1. Mucosa
1) Epithelium - Pseudostratified ciliated cells and mucous (goblet) cells are the two major components of the
epithelium.
• Clear basement membrane
• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium contains ;
a) Ciliated cells : columnar with cilia
b) Goblet cells
c) Basal cells : pyramidal shape , basally-located , undifferentiated cells, can differentiate into ciliated
cell or goblet cell
d) Brush cells : columnar , microvilli , EM – RER , no granules.
* Function - become into ciliated cell and receive sensory stimuli
e) Small granule cells : less , pyramidal and EM: dense-core granules, in neuroepithelial body.
* Function - secret hormones to regulate contract of SM and secretion of gland
✓ 5-hydroxytryptamine
✓ Calcitonin
2) Lamina propria (loose CT) - contain LC , PC , MC , BV , LV
3) Smooth muscle
2. Submucosa - LCT with blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nodes with Tracheal glands, mixed glands
3. Adventitia - 16-20 C - shaped cartilage rings and a Circular ligament composed of elastic fibers
* In the posterior part of the trachea (membrane part) , the adventitia contains smooth muscle , elastic fiber ,
tracheal glands

1

, ▪ The trachea is lined with typical respiratory mucosa in which the lamina propria contains numerous seromucous
glands producing watery mucus .
▪ A series with about a dozen C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage between the submucosa and adventitia reinforces
the wall and keeps the tracheal lumen open .
▪ The open ends of the cartilage rings are on the posterior surface , against the esophagus and are bridged by a
bundle of smooth muscle called the trachealis muscle and a sheet of fibroelastic tissue attached to the
perichondrium.

General structure of Lungs

1) Capsule - visceral layer of pleura-serous membrane mesothelium and connective tissue
2) Parenchyma - all branches of bronchi and alveoli ( right 3 , left 2 )
3) Interstitial substance - connective tissue , blood vessels , lymphatic vessels , nerves

▪ The pulmonary lobules are each pyramid-shaped , with the apex aimed at the pulmonary hilum and each is
delineated by a thin layer of connective tissue , which in adults is frequently incomplete.
▪ Moving through the smaller bronchi and bronchioles toward the respiratory portion, the histological organization of
both the epithelium and the underlying lamina propria gradually becomes more simplified.

▪ The trachea divides into two primary bronchi that enter each lung at the hilum , along with arteries , veins and
lymphatic vessels.
▪ After entering the lungs , the primary bronchi course downward and outward , giving rise to three secondary (lobar)
bronchi in the right lung and two in the left lung , each of which supplies a pulmonary lobe.
▪ These lobar bronchi again divide , forming tertiary (segmental) bronchi.
▪ Each of the tertiary bronchi , together with the smaller branches it supplies , constitutes a bronchopulmonary
segment —with its own connective tissue capsule and blood supply.
▪ The existence of such lung segments facilitates the specific surgical resection of diseased lung tissue without
affecting nearby healthy tissue.
▪ The tertiary bronchi give rise to smaller and smaller bronchi, whose terminal branches are called bronchioles.
▪ Each bronchiole enters a pulmonary lobule , where it branches to form five to seven terminal bronchioles.

The conducting portion - Lobar bronchi to small bronchi

1. Mucosa
a) respiratory epithelium
b) lamina propria : thinner, SM [ contains crisscrossing bundles of spirally arranged smooth muscle and elastic
fibers ]
2. Submucosa : mixed glands
3. Adventitia : cartilage plate

2

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