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Summary France in a Revolutionary Age 1760–1848
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ORIGINS OF THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830In the 1830s and 1831, several European states were shaken by revolutionary
protests which, similar to the revolutions of 1848/1849, but with different starting
points and outcomes, were linked to each other and related by contemporaries1 .
Within months, riots and uprisings broke out in France, Belgium, the German
Confederation, Poland and the Italian states, which in many places led to the
restructuring of government and, in the case of Belgium, even to the creation of a
new state. Much of the continent was on the move, challenging the reorganization
of the European state system negotiated by European powers at the Congress of
Vienna 15 years earlier. The consequences of these revolutionary upheavals could
be felt around the middle of the decade.
Protests began in Paris when King Charles X (1757-1836) of the restored Bourbon
dynasty issued a series of ordinances on July 25, 1830, restricting constitutional
freedoms that had been imposed on the restored monarchy in 1814 Liberty of the
press was restricted. The Chamber of Deputies, which had not been elected until
June 1830, was dissolved and the right to vote restricted. Resistance to these
measures quickly spread to ever wider sections of the Parisian population, and in
the street battles of the so-called Trois Glorieuses from July 27 to 29, this
population succeeded in taking control of the city. . And there were clear echoes of
the 1789 revolution. The Louvre was stormed, the tricolor raised, and a new
, National Guard formed under veteran Marie Joseph Marquis de Lafayette (1757-
1834). Consequently, Charles X had to accept the formation of a provisional liberal
government which proclaimed the Duke of Orléans Louis-Philippe (1773-1850),
from a younger line of the Bourbon dynasty, lieutenant general of the kingdom.
Although Charles X abdicated on August 2, 1830 in favor of his nephew Henri
(1820-1883), both houses of the French parliament decided on August 8 to give the
crown to Louis Philippe. On 15 August 1830 he was crowned king of the French.
As the new Paris government sought to calm the internal and external political
situation, the revolutionary wave spread to Brussels on 25 August 18303, which
had existed since 1815, culminating in a struggle for an autonomous state. The
rebels managed to defend Brussels from Dutch troops and managed to form a
provisional government on September 26, 1830, which declared the independence
of Belgium on October 4. After the European powers had de facto recognized the
new state in January 1831, a Belgian constitution came into effect on February 7,
1831, and on June 4, 1831 Leopold I (1790-1865) was crowned king of the
Belgians. By September 1830, the revolutionary wave had reached, among others,
the states of the German Confederation.4 Revolutionary conditions occurred in
Brunswick, Electoral Hesse and Saxony, but the situation was also very tense in
other German states. . The very heterogeneous German revolutionary movement
was fueled by a mixture of social protests, constitutional demands and demands for
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