100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Previously searched by you
Previously searched by you
logo
IB Geography (SL/HL) - Unit 1, Unit 2, and Unit 3 summaries (straight 7) CA$27.68   Add to cart
Quickly navigate to
Preview
  2.  
  3. 3rd Degree
  4.  
  5. 3rd Degree
  6.  
  7. Aardrijkskunde

Interview

IB Geography (SL/HL) - Unit 1, Unit 2, and Unit 3 summaries (straight 7)
 14 views  0 purchase
  • Course
  • Aardrijkskunde
  • Institution
  • 3rd Degree

These well-organized and clear notes will guarantee you a straight 7 as they were written alongside my teacher (with 20 years of IB geography teaching experience) and are in perfect line with the textbook. Its images, diagrams, colours and much more as well as its direct references to case studies ...

[Show more]

Preview 4 out of 38  pages

Document information

  • July 7, 2022
  • 38
  • 2021/2022
  • Interview
  • Unknown
  • Unknown

Subjects

  • ib geography
  • paper 2
  • unit 1
  • ib geography sl
  • geography sl
  • geography hl
  • ib geography hl
  • sl
  • hl

Written for

  • Secondary school
  • 3rd degree
  • Aardrijkskunde
  • 5
All documents for this subject (8)

Seller

avatar-seller
matteotessaro

Content preview

Unit 1: Changing populations

Key terms:
North-South divide The increasing inequality on levels of development between the North and
the South or between HICs and LICs

Development gap The difference in wealth between the developed world (North) and the
developing world (South)

OPEC The organization of petroleum exporting countries: represents the interests
of oil exporters. Its position is undermined by some oil-producing countries
such as the UK, which does not agree with the OPEC-controlled prices

G7 / G8 A group of the world’s wealthiest and most powerful countries

G10 / Paris club A group representing the wealthiest members of the IMF


1.1: Population and economic development patterns

General notes:
● 75% of population live within 1000 km from the sea
● 85% live in areas less than 500 meters high
● 85% live between latitudes 68°N and 20°
● Less than 10% live in Southern hemisphere

Factors affecting population distribution:
Physical factors: Human factors:

● Coastline / jobs ● Government grants (Sony moved
● Climate to South Wales)
● Altitude (Andes) ● Healthcare (vaccines, Switzerland)
● Natural resources (ex: water in Niger) ● Wars (2003 Iraq war)
● Natural disasters ● Religion
● Soil fertility (Indonesia) ● Poverty


Most favoured locations: Least favoured locations:
● Fertile valleys (ex: Nile valley) ● Deserts: Too dry
● Places with regular water supply (like ● Mountains: Too steep
temperate climates) ● High latitudes: Too cold
● Not too extreme climate (ex: no desert) ● Rainforests: Too infertile
● Place with good communication

Core periphery: countries at the center of world economic activity
Periphery: countries less affected by global economy flows

,Classifying countries:
Low-income country (LIC) Less economically developed $0 - $1.025

Middle-income country (MIC) ⅓ of Global GDP. Divided into lower $1.025 - $12.735
middle-income countries (1k-4k) and
higher middle-income countries (4k-12k)

High-income country (HIC) Developed, advanced $12.735 - ….

More economically developed Most developed countries with highest
countries (MEDC) standards of living (UK and US)

Newly-industrializing Rapid industrial, social, and economic
countries (NIC) growth since 1960

Recently industrialised
countries (RIC)

● BRIC: Brazil, Russia, India, China
● MINT: Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey
● CIVETS: Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey, South Africa
● Next Eleven: Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan,
Philippines, Turkey, South Korea, Vietnam
● Asian Tigers: Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan


Lots of LICs are become MICs (example: India, Kenya)

Analyze Indicators of development:
● Qualitative: ​Attempts to describe a country's development in terms of those factors
which influence people's quality of life
● Quantitative: ​Use statistics to measure certain aspects of a country
● Composite: ​Combine several other measures into a single figure

Human development index (HDI): Measures life expectancy at birth, years of schooling, GNI
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): Nutrition, schooling years, sanitation, assets, …

Forced migration When a person has to move because of violence, danger, fear of
persecution, orders by a government or authority. Or due to
environmental reasons such as natural disasters or famine.

Economic migration The choice to move to another place in search of a better standard
of living and a regular wage

Voluntary migration A person moves from one place to another by their own free will

Millionaire city A city with 1+ million residents/inhabitants

​Megacity City with 10+ million inhabitants

, CS: China

China is sparsely populated in West (periphery) and densely populated in East (core)

Cause:
● Physical geography:
○ Only small proportion of areas provides rain-fed agriculture
○ Much land is too dry or too steep (ex: himalaya)
● Coastal and river locations preferred for trade & commerce (ocean)

Consequence: High rate of urbanization
● Huge internal migration: 38 million between 2000 and 2005
● 11% of population lives on 0.5% of land
Push factors: Pull factors:
● Poverty ● Job opportunities (40% higher wages)
● Poor sanitation ● Safety
● Low job security ● Better lifestyle
● Political instability ● Education




CS: South Africa

Densely populated in North-east and coastal cities with up to 1000 people/km2, while sparsely
populated in west and Northern cape (>5 people/km2)
→ General decrease from south-east to north-west

● Availability of mineral resources, trade (coastal cities), and farming potential
● Pattern follows rainfall intensity pattern: lowest densities in arid areas and mountains

3 main periods of internal migration during the 20th and 21st centuries:
● Economic migration linked with industrial development until 1950
● Forced migration related to the apartheid movement
● Voluntary migration following the collapse of the apartheid system
→ Circular migration: worker repeatedly moves between home and host area
Push factors: Pull factors:

● Poverty/corruption ● Lack of safety ● Security ● Education
● Unemployment ● Natural disasters ● Job opportunity ● Quality of life
● Desertification ● High crime rate ● Sanitation ● Trade
● Lack of sanitation ● Family ● Agriculture


1.2: Changing populations and places

Population change:
● Natural increase: 𝐶𝑟𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 − 𝐶𝑟𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
● Net migration: 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

, Terminology:


Life expectancy Average number of years a person is expected to live at birth
● Lower in poor countries
● Men have lower than women because of physical labour,
unhealthy lifestyle, x-linked diseases, and conflict

​Infant mortality rate (IMR) Number of deaths of children >1 y/o per 1000 live births a year

Child mortality rate (CMR) ​Number of deaths of children 5 y/o per 1000 live births a year

Crude birth rate (BR) Number of live births per 1000 of the population per year

Total fertility rate Average number of children that are born alive per 1000 women in
childbearing age

Crude death rate (DR) Number of people who die per 1000 of the population per year

Natural increase Birth rate is higher than the death rate → increase in total population

Doubling time # of years needed for population to double in size:
70
𝑁𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 (%)



Demographic transition model (DTM): Explanations page 397

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller matteotessaro. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for CA$27.68. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

79271 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
CA$27.68
  • (0)
  Add to cart