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Med-Surg Exam 1
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Exam of 14 pages for the course Med-Surg at Med-Surg (Med-Surg Exam 1)
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Med-Surg Exam 1Who is at higher risk for fluid and electrolyte imbalance? Ans - Elderly and
infants
What are the four Cations and what is their charge? Ans - Sodium (Na),
Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg)
**Positively Charged**
What are the three Anions and what is their charge? Ans - Bicarbonate (HCO3),
Cl (Chlorine), PO4 (Phosphate)
**Negatively Charged**
1. What is the prevalent cation in the ICF?
2. What is the prevalent anion in the ICF? Ans - 1. K+ (Potassium)
2. PO4- (Phosphate)
1. What is the prevalent cation in the ECF?
2. What is the prevalent anion in the ECF? Ans - 1. Na+ (Sodium)
2. Cl- (Chloride)
What is Diffusion? Ans - Movement of molecules from high to low concentration,
requiring no energy
What is Facilitated Diffusion? Ans - Movement of molecules from high to low
concentration using specific carrier molecules to accelerate the diffusion
(Ex: in glucose transport, insulin is the carrier)
What is Active Transport? Ans - Process in which molecules move against the
concentration gradient and external energy is required.
(Ex: Sodium-potassium pump)
What is Osmosis? Ans - Movement of water from an area of low solute to an
area of high solute concentration
What is Osmotic Pressure? Ans - Amount of pressure required to stop osmotic
flow of water; determined by the concentration of solutes in the solution.
What is the normal plasma osmolality? Ans - 275-295 mOsm/kg
What does a plasma osmolality greater than 295mOsm/kg indicate? Ans -
WATER DEFICIT; increased solute concentration or decreased water content
What does a plasma osmolality less than 275mOsm/kg indicate? Ans - WATER
EXCESS; decreased solute concentration or increased water content for the amount
of solute
, What is the normal urine osmolality and what does it depend on? Ans - 100-
1300mOsm/kg; depends on the amount of ADH in circulation and renal response to
the ADH
What is hydrostatic pressure? Ans - The force that pushes water out of the
capillaries
What is oncotic pressure and what is the norm? Ans - The ability of proteins to
attract water; leading fluid from tissue space to vascular space (water follows
protein); 25 mmHg
What causes an elevation of venous hydrostatic pressure? Ans - fluid overload,
heart failure, liver failure, obstruction of venous return to the heart, and venous
insufficiency (varicose veins)
What causes a decrease in plasma oncotic pressure? Ans - Decrease in plasma
protein (as in renal disorders), deficient protein intake or synthesis
What causes an elevation of interstitial oncotic pressure? Ans - trauma, burns,
and inflammation which damage capillary walls and allows plasma proteins to
accumulate in the interstitial space
What causes a decreased removal of interstitial fluid? Ans - lymphatic outflow
obstruction
What is the action of Natriuretic Peptides? Ans - Decrease blood volume and
pressure by increasing fluid release (suppress secretion of ADH, aldosterone, and
renin)
What are the norms for daily fluid intake and output? Ans - 2000-3000mL
ECF volume deficit (hypovolemia)? Ans - Abnormal loss of normal body fluids
(diarrhea, fistula drainage, hemorrhage), inadequate intake, or plasma-to-interstitial
fluid shift
ECF volume excess (hypervolemia)? Ans - Excessive intake of fluids, abnormal
retention of fluids (CHF), or interstitial-to-plasma fluid shift
What symptoms do hypovolemia and hypervolemia have in common? Ans - CNS
symptoms
What should you irrigate an NG tube with? Ans - Isotonic saline solution to
prevent loss of electrolytes
When would you use hypotonic IV fluids? Ans - for maintenance fluids
When would you use isotonic IV fluids? Ans - For pt's w/ ECF volume deficit (no
net loss or gain from ICF)
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