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Philo Note: Metaphysics, Philosophy of Science, How to be Stoic

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Course
Philosophical Dilemmas (345101MQ)

Institution
Dawson College ( )

In this document, the chapters covered are mainly about Metaphyics, How to be stoic and Philosophy of Science. For better comprehension it would be good to have the following books: - How to be Stoic - Knowledge: A very short introduction - Metaphysics: A very short introduction - Philosophy ...

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Uploaded on August 25, 2022
Number of pages 18
Written in 2022/2023
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Course Philosophy/Knowledge

Book: Knowledge: A very short introduction

Tradition def 2 : if A is the cause of B, then if A had not occurred, B would not have
occurred. ( necessitation view )

III. Hume’s 1sr theory on causation

IV. In Hume’s second theory, the counterfactual dependence theory ( CDT) cannot identify
the true cause.

1. The def of cause according to the CDT :

A is the cause of B if A had not occurred, B would not have occurred

2. How do we prove that?

Randomized controlled trial ( 2 seperate grp ) controlled and nothing ) in medicine

Advil / Placebo

3. One of Hume's objections to this method: ( Mike took one pill of advil and pain gone
advil is the cause of the pain gone ) general result that advil use/ but we don’t know if
advil is really the cause of the pain removal , we don’t know

Causation is a connection between 2 individual events, not a general tendency

We want to know whether this pill of Advil is the cause of Mike's headache relief, not
whether Advil tends to cure headache.

Tradition def 2: If A is the cause of B Then if A had not occurred , B would not have
occurred .

III. Hume’s theory on causation:

The power view of causation is wrong. The so-called causal connections are just
repeated patterns

Causation is the cause of cause : we don’t know what's causing the cells body thing

, Metaphysics

Chapter 1 What is a table ? How do we know anything about a table ?

I. Individual things are called particulars

A table is a particular with properties ( color, shape , size… )

Particular meaning: an individual item, as contrasted with a universal quality

I can only know a particular by knowing it’s properties

Is a table ( particular ) just the collection of all its properties ?

II. Yes

The bundle theory: particulars can only be accounted for in terms of properties.

if you change the table color our common sense well say that it's the same table but the
bundle does not that's because one particular change

Problem 1: if so, a particular cannot survive changes.

( surgery , you're not the same body) absurd

Table

cat ( moving so change shape so the cat has many bundles ) nonsense

Problem 2: The twin problem ( two same tables then they are one and same table, one bundle
) same properties so they are the same according to bundle theory

1. No

The substratum view: ( basis to grow something)

The substratum (essence of something )( what makes a table a table ) of a table ( particular) is
something underlying all properties.

, Diamond necklace: the metal that keep and protect diamond is the substratum because it can
endure the change

Tableness ( essence of table, the substratum of table )
Personal info: Table we can only know its properties , don't know about substratum

Table= properties + substratum

Prob: the substratum is invisible, and imperceptible,
What would happen if all its qualities were removed?)

GHOST TABLE

Discard agree with substratum theory

Chapter 2 Metaphysics

The theories of universals
1. The difference between a particular and a Property?

- A table / the color yellow

- A property is Universal

II. 2 types of things that are wholly present in all of its instances ( colors, apples, oranges
football they are instances of shape circularity)

1. Properties
2. Relations

Example: Be taller than - Mike is taller than Peter instance of the relationship

Can universals ( properties, relations ) exist independently from particulars?

III. If all instances of a property or relation were destroyed, will it still exist?

Plato’s answer: Yes. They exist in heavenly, transcendent world

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