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Summary SOCIOLOGY A LEVEL POSTMODERNITY + GLOBALISATION NOTES (A*)

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  • Unit 4 SCLY4 - Crime and Deviance with Theory and Methods; Stratification and Differentiation with Theory and Methods
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Clear and concise textbook notes for the globalisation, modernity and postmodernity topic. Great for essay plans/practice qs/cramming. got me an A*!

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  • August 30, 2022
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  • Summary

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  • sociology
  • a level
  • globalisation
  • modernity
  • postmodernism
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globalisation, modernity and postmodernity
modernity and globalisation

modern society - key featues

 the nation state - a bounded territory ruled by a powerful centralised state, population
shares the same language and cultrue, organises social life on a national basis, has
created administrative bureaucracies and institutions to regulate their citezens lives,
source of identity for citizens
 capitalism - economy is based on private ownership of means of production and the
use of wage labourers - brought about the industrialisation of modern society with hug
increases in wealth (for a few, resulting in class conflict) - production is organised on
Fordist principles (mass production of standardised products in large factories using
low skilled labour) - rise in the standard of living
 rationality, science and technology - secular and scientific thinking replace magico-
religious explanation of the world - increase in technically efficient forms of
organisation in social and economic life - science becomes increasingly important
 individualism - tradition, custom and ascribed status become leff important -
experience creater personal freedom and choice - structual inequalities such as class
remain important in shaping identity and restricting their choices

globalisation

 until recently - nation state provided the basic framework for peoples lives - but we
are now increasingly affected by globalisation (the increasing interconnectedness of
people across national boundaries)

1. technological changes

 we can now cross entire continents in a matter of hours, satelite communication, the
internet and global television have created a time space compression - closing the
distances between people
 technology brings risks on a global scale - Beck's 'risk society' - increasingly the
threats to our well being come from human made technology rather than natural
disasters

1. economic changes

 economic activity now takes place within a set of global networks that are creating
ever greater interconnectedness
 the global economy is increasingly an electric economy - rather than producing
physical goods, information is being produced, distributed and consumed through
global electronic networks
 in the electric economy money never sleeps - global 24hour financial transactions
permit the instantaneous transfer of funds around the world
 trans national companies - operate across frontiers and organise production on a
global scale - most are western based

,  so powerful are the small elite who control these companies, they now form a separate
global capitalist class - Sklair

1. political changes

 some sociologists - globalisation has undermines the power of the nation state - we
now live in a 'borderless world' in which TNCs and consumers have more economic
power than national governments - states less able to regulate large capitalist
enterprises
 this is unlike the organised capitalism seen in the modern period - now 'disorganised
capitalism'

1. changes in culture and identity

 globalisation - makes it harder for cultures to exist in isolation from one another
 a major reason for this - the role of information and communications technology (esp
mass media)
 we live in a global culture - western owned media companies spread western culture
 economic integration also encourages a global culture - TNCs sell the same consumer
goods in many countries - similar tastes across national borders
 increased movement of people also helpes to create a global culture
 undermines the traditional sources of identity e,g, class - the shift of manufacturing
from the west to developing countries - fragmentation and decline of working class
communities

explaining the changes

 are we no longer living in modernity - in a new postmodern society?
 do we need new theories to understand society today?
 is the enlightenment project still viable? have rapid changes made society too chaotic
for us to understand and control?

Postmodernism

 a major intellectual movement that has emerged since the 1970s
 argue we are now living in a new era of postmodernity
 postmodernity is an unstable, fragmented, media saturated global village, where
image and reality are indistinguishable - we define ourselves by what we consukmme
 a fundamental break with modernity

knowledge

 there are no sure foundations to knowledge
 the enlightenment project of achieving progress through true, scientific knowledge is
dead - if we cannot guarantee our knowledge is correct, we cannot use it to improve
society
 an all embracing theory that claims to have the truth about how to create a better
society is a mere meta narrative - someones version of reality but not the truth
 these have been used to create oppressive totalitarian states that impose their version
of the truth on people

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