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Summary Pathology Notes
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  • Medicine
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  • Queens University Belfast (QUB)

Pathology notes detailing common pathologies and pathophysiology. Note - these notes were made using online resources from Queen's University Belfast and unlike the other notes on this account cannot be recommended for other university medical school exams. Look at specialty section and content ...

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  • September 5, 2022
  • 23
  • 2022/2023
  • Summary

Subjects

  • pathology
  • pathology notes
  • med notes
  • medical school notes
  • medical school
  • medical notes

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  • Queens University Belfast (QUB)
  • Unknown
  • Medicine
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Pathology

Seán Keenan

2022

,Breast Pathology


Normal Breast Structure
Normal Structure
- Tissue: Contains Fat and Glandular tissue
- Glandular: Consists of ducts and lobules
- Lobules: Secretory fxn via epithelial cells
- Ducts: Intralobular; Extralobular; Lactiferous




Breast Pain and Discharge
Pain Presentation
- Cyclical: Most often cyclical mastalgia
- NB: Greatest pre-menstrually; Resolves by period
Discharge Presentation
- Ducts: Single or multiple ducts
- Clear: Physiological; Rarely prolactinoma
- Opaque: Implies infection; Esp. if lactate
- Single: Papillary lesion; Rarely malignant
- Multiple: Duct Ectasia
- Ectasia: ↑Age while reproductive; Smoking
- Blood: Intraductal Papilloma
- NB: May find malignancy within papilloma

Breast Lumps in General
History Taking Mammogram
- Duration: Increase or decrease in size noticed - Use: Useful as a screening tool
- Timing: Cyclical or constant - Angle: Cranio-caudal + Oblique angles
- Skin: Inflammation; Lump Tethering - Age: More effective in ↑ age due to ↑ fat
Clinical Exam - Calcification: Ductal carcinoma in situ
- Location: Benign lesions uncommon medially Ultrasound
- Size: Size encompasses advancement - Use: Not useful for screening; Visualises lump
- Consistency: Soft; Firm; Hard - Character: Can differentiate if Cystic or Solid
- Skin: Raise arms; Inspect axilla - Biopsy: Guides fine needle biopsy

, Benign Breast Lumps
Classifications
- Papilloma - Fibroepithelial
o Character: Lump; Nipple discharge o Benign: Fibroadenoma; Phyllodes tumour
o Benign: Epithelium covers a CT core in ducts o Malignancy: Phyllodes tumour may transform
o Pattern: Branches out from core - Fibroadenoma
- Simple Cysts o Prevalence: Very common condition
o Near Surface: Epidermal Inclusion cyst o Exam: Palpable in young
o Breast Parenchyma: Dilated duct or lobule o Treatment: Hormone responsive; Excision
- Fibrocystic o Transformation: May transform into
o Character: Asx; Lump, bump, or thickening Phyllodes
o Prevalence: Very common condition - Fat Necrosis
o Character: Painless lump; Calcifies
o Cause: 2o to trauma (surgery; biopsy; seat
belt)

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