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- BIOL 235 Chapter 1
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- Athabasca University (AU )
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, BIO 235Unit 1
Chapter 1 : AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY
Objectives
• Define anatomy and physiology and name several branches
of these sciences.
ANATOMY- ana (up), tomy (cutting)
- science of body structures & relationship in them
- first study by dissection (dis=apart, section=act of
cutting) means careful cutting apart of body structures
of body
PHYSIOLOGY - physio (nature), logy (study of) is the science of
body functions- how body parts work
The structure of a part of the body often reflects it's function.
Anatomy & Physiology Branches
Anatomy: Embrology, Developmental Biology, Cell Biology,
Physiology:Molecular physiology, Neurophysiology,Endocrinolog
• Identify the locations and functions of each of the organ
systems and major organs of the human body.
MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY- function of individual molecules
such as protein & DNA
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY- functional properties of nerve cells
ENDOCRINOLOGY- hormones (chemical regulators in blood) &
how they control body functions
CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY- func of heart &bloodvessels
IMMUNOLOGY- body's defenses against disease causing agents
RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY- func of air passageways & lungs • List the 11 systems of the human body, the representative
RENAL PHYSIOLOGY- function of kidneys organs in each, and their general functions.
EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY- changes in cells & organ func d/t 11 SYSTEM OF HUMAN ORGANISM- integumentary (skin),
muscular activity skeletal (bones), muscular (muscles), nervous (brain),
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY- func changes associated w/ disease & endocrine (hormones), cardiovascular (heart),
aging lymphatic (fluid level), respiratory
(oxygen/breathing),digestive (absorption of nutrients),
• Describe the body’s six levels of structural organization. urinary (filter blood & secretion of wastes/chemicals), &
SIX LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION reproductive systems (reproduction)
are: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal levels
1 CHEMICAL • Define the important life processes of the human body.
ATOMS - smallest units of matter that participate in chemical BASIC LIFE PROCESSES OF HUMAN BODY
reactions & molecules, 2 or more atoms joinedtogether are: metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth,
2 CELLS - basic structural & functional units of organism that are differentiation, reproduction
composed of chemicals, are smallest living units in 1. METABOLISM - all chemical process that occur in body.
human body. Molecules combine to form cells. Catabolism- breakdown of complex chemical substances into
3 TISSUES - group of cell & materials surrounding them that work simpler components
together to perform a particular func. Anabolism - building of complex chemical substances from
4 Basic Types of Tissue: epithelial, connective, smaller, simpler components ex: digestive process
muscular & nervous tissue catabolize (split) proteins in food into amino acids.
4 ORGAN- composed of two or more different types of tissues Amino acids - used to anabolize (build) new proteins that make
that work together to perform a specific function body structures such as muscles & bones.
5 SYSTEM - consists of related organs with a common function 2. RESPONSIVENESS -body's ability to detect & respond to
6 ORGANISMAL - all parts of body functioning together changes.
constitute the total organism. ex: inc in body temp during fever means changes in
internal body, nerve cells respond by creating electrical
signals (nerve impulses), muscles respond by
contracting (move body parts)
3. MOVEMENT - motion of body, individual organs, single cells.
- ex: leg muscles moves you, post meal fat -
gallbladder release bile into tract to help digest them
4. GROWTH - inc in body size result from inc in size of existing
cells/number
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