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Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #1 Review Sheet
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. Define pathophysiology. What does the study of pathophysiology include? • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: The study of all the abnormalities in physiologic function of living beings. o Derives from 2 disciplines: Patho meaning Dx of diseases through exam of organs, tissues, and cells. Physiology meaning ...

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  • September 15, 2022
  • 18
  • 2022/2023
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  • essentials of pathophysiology – exam 1 review sheet
  • essentials of pathophysiology
  • define pathophysiology what does the study of pathophysiology include • pathophysiology the study of all the abno

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Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam
#1 Review Sheet
Covers Modules 1, 2, and 3 – Chapters 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 24, 51, 52, 53
1. Define pathophysiology. What does the study of pathophysiology include?

• PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: The study of all the abnormalities in physiologic
function of living beings.
o Derives from 2 disciplines:
Patho meaning Dx of diseases through exam of organs, tissues, and cells.
Physiology meaning Mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions.
o There are FOUR parts of pathophysiology:
1- Etiology: causes/reasons of disease. This ID’s causal factors for Dz
2- Pathogenesis: Evolution of Dz from the initial stimulus to ultimate
manifestations of the Dz. (GENESIS = CREATE)

2. Review terms such as signs, symptoms, acute, chronic, exacerbation,
remission, convalescence, and sequela

• Signs: objective/observed manifestations
o Ex: rash, change in temperature
• Symptoms: Subjective
o Ex: pain, nausea
• Acute: short-lived.
• Chronic: lasts for months/years
• Exacerbation: increase in severity
• Remission: decrease in severity
• Remission: decrease in severity
• Convalescence: Stage of recovery
• Sequela: subsequent pathological condition resulting from an illness
o Ex: renal failure 2/2 HTN
o
3. What is epidemiology? Review the different levels of disease prevention
such as primary, secondary, and tertiary as well as examples for each.

• Epidemiology is the study of study and analysis of the distribution, patterns
and determinants of health and conditions in defined populations.
o Primary level: altering susceptibility
a. Ex: Immunizations
o Secondary level” early detections/screenings
a. Ex: Pap smears, breast exams, cancer screenings
o Tertiary level: Rehabilitation (reduce disabilities)
a. Ex: PT/OT after a stroke
• Florence Nightingale was the first practicing epidemiologist.

,4. Review the difference between homeostasis and allostasis.

• Homeostasis: The process by which a state of internal, physiological
equilibrium is maintained.
o Ex: pH, concentration of ions in ECF, glucose levels, osmolality of ECF

• Allostasis: Steps the body takes to re-establish homeostasis. Adaptation to
a changing internal and external environment
o Ex: HR, body core temperature, BP

5. Review the three different stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome
(GAS) including the alarm stage, adaptation/resistance, and exhaustion
stage. What hormones are released during the alarm stage and what
effects do they have on the body?

• Three stages of GAS:
1: Alarm Stage: Fight/Flight response.
2: Resistance/Adaptation: Activity of nervous/endocrine systems to return
to homeostasis
3: Exhaustion: If stressor is not removed the body cannot return to
homeostasis. The body will go into allostatic overload and organs tissues
give out.
o Ex: renal failure 2/2 HTN

, Stressor Excites receptors




Hypothalamus relases This activates the SNS
CRH + ACH
Providing a surge of energy


Adrenal Medulla releases Increased cardiac output, increased
catecholamines respirations, enhanced blood coag.
(epinepherine and increased BP, dialated pupils,
Norepinepherine) increadd BG (energy), GI/GU
supressed.


Adrenal Medulla releases
cortisol due to ACTH. Corticosteroids stabilize vascular
reactivitiy, inhibit glucose uptake,
suppress protein sysnthesis
*inhibit release of CRH+ACH fron
the hypothalamus



6. Review the differences between the sympathetic vs the parasympathetic
nervous systems. What happens to the body during “fight-or-flight”
response?

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