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Climate & The Biophysical Environment (GEOG 2110) - Lecture Notes CA$8.13
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Class notes

Climate & The Biophysical Environment (GEOG 2110) - Lecture Notes
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All of the lectures notes for GEOG 2110 - Climate & The Biophysical Environment, taught at the University of Guelph. Mix of hand-written and typed notes.

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  • September 23, 2022
  • 74
  • 2021/2022
  • Class notes
  • Laura brown
  • All classes

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GEOG 2110 - Notes (W22)

, Introduction JANUARY 12TH
WEATHER V5 CLIMATE -
DIFFERENCE IN TIME

Weather short time period Climate longtime period
-
•

- -




↳ ↳
Erratic Slow and
changes gradual change
↳ ↳
Atmospheric conditions
Longterm records

CLIMATE VARIABILITY VS CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate variability and extremes abrupt and Climate variability is annual fluctuations around
along term
'



are
average
•

-




short lived Climate term continuous
change long change
.

-
is -




HOW DO WE MEASURE CLIMATE ?

satellite data measures what's
happening now Physical records provide historical climate records
- •

-




5 COMPONENTS OF A CLIMATE SYSTEM

Cryosphere polar ice sea ice , permafrost Hydrosphere oceans , lakes rivers
• '




caps
: - :
, , ,




seasonal snow cover
glaciers Biosphere ecosystem
'




,
mountain :




Geosphere :/ and Atmosphere
•



air
-


:




CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate
Forcing's the initial drivers of climate change External
forcingsexist outside of climate systems and
.
•
-




Positive
forcing results in climate warming affect the
global energy balance resulting in climate change
'




,




Negative forcing results in climate cooling Forcingscan be natural or anthropogenic
- -




EXTERNAL FORCINGS AND CLIMATE RESPONSES




CLIMATE FORCING PLATE TECTONICS -




locations
Changes continent and Ocean sizes and Alters atmospheric and oceanic circulation
'
-




changes sizes and position of mountain Very slow processes over millions of years
' -




ranges
last 1- 250m42)
supercontinent was
Pangaea
'




PALEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALE OCEANOGRAPHY

Changes in location of continents due to tectonics will Development of mountains and
changes in ocean and air
' '




location
cause
changes in climate currents will also alter climate at a
given
CLIMATE FORCING ORBITAL CHANGES-




Variations in the orbit around the Sun / Milankovitch Cycles) Eccentricity 100000 yr period
' '

=




Effects the of solar radiation the Earth 's Obliquity 41000 yr period
-




amount
-

=




surface Precession 27000 yr period
'



receives -_




CLIMATE FORCING -
SOLAR VARIABILITY

Changes in the strength of the sun's radiation Both
long-term and short-term
-
'




Affects the amount of solar radiation the Earth Sunspots are example of
receives an
long-term
- .




CLIMATE FORCING -
ANTHROPOGENIC FORCING
GHGs due to human activities Landover / urbanization
change the changes agriculture
• i




, ,




atmospheric composition deforestation etc ) ,
.




Landover
changes albedo carbon
'


>
sequestration
-


,

,RESPONSE AND REACTION TIME
Reaction Time time Response Time amount of time it takes to
it takes the climate system get halfway
• -
-
-




to react fully to a
change in
forcing towards equilibrium
FORCING US RESPONSE

fast response / ex tectonics)
Slow
forcing If
forcing time response there's dynamic response
-

-_
a
- -
-
.




response )
↳
Fast
forcing slow response / often little to Rare the real world
-

__
no in


CYCLIC FORCING AND RESPONSE

Cyclic forcing produces acyclic response Response time is the same but
forcing is changing
.
'




FEEDBACK WITHIN CLIMATE SYSTEMS

Climate Feedbacks processes that can either simplify Positive Feedback increases an initial
warming
-
.
- -




diminish the effects of climate
or
forcing's
Negative Feedback reduces an initial
warming
•
-

, Earth's Climate System Today JANUARY 14TH

HEATING THE EARTH

Exogenic energy Eugenic energy is composed of electromagnetic radiation
-
-




↳ Drives Earth 's climate system from the Sun
INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION

Top of the atmosphere -1368W / m2 70% of radiation reaches the climate system
- '




incoming
rotating Earth -342W / m2
↳
Top of the 30% reflected back to space
-



is

213 ↳
238W / m2
contributes to
heating Earth and the lower
Average amount retained is
-




atmosphere ( troposphere)
INCOMING + OUTGOING RADIATION

Most radiation that hits Earth 's surface
Incoming shortwave radiation
light
>
is visible
- '
-




/ heat)
Outgoing longwave radiation
-

-
>



ALL OBJECTS RADIATE HEAT

Amount of radiation an based on the
object emits is
•




object 's temperature
Awarmerobejectemits more radiation than a cooler
•




object
Any object whose temperature is greater than absolute
-




zero contains some heat that is
,
being radiated away
from that object


GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Natural
greenhouse effect is a critical component of
-




the Earth 's climate

UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOLAR RADIATION

sunhitsthesurfaceatagreaterangle.at/-hepo1es--Al- the equator sun hits more directly radiation is focused on
-

-


,




/ cooler ) (holter)
radiation
isspreadoveralargerarea a smaller area

↳
2.5 times more insolation at the
equator
INCOMING RADIATION VARIES SEASONALLY

As the Earth orbits around the Sun the tilt causes
Changes in albedo throughout the year also affects the
-
.



,




different hemispheres to face the sun
throughout the year amount of radiation absorbed at Earth 's surface

LATITUDINAL DIFFERENCES

23.50N and S is where insolation is the
strongest Sea ice cover in the increases albedo
.




poles more
-
-
>



insolation reflected

ALBEDO OF DIFFERENT SURFACES

affected by surface
Albedo
percentage of incoming radiation that is reflected Albedo colour and incident
angle
-



is
-
-




rather than absorbed

ALBEDO AND SUN ANGLE
less than 5% reflected / water)
sun
angle controls heat absorption High incidence angle
-
-
-




Latitudinal differences have influence Low incidence reflection
-




on albedo
an
angle
•

-_
more

POLES V5 EQUATOR

The poles / high latitudes) retain less of the little The
equator / tropics / low latitudes) retain more of the
large
• -




radiation they receive amount of radiation they receive

SURFACE ALBEDO VARIES SEASONALLY

In the Arctic sea places exists for multiple sea ice around Antarctica expands and contracts annually
' -




,
ice in many ,




years at a time
altering the surface albedo in the southern hemisphere
Most in the northern hemisphere come from
changes
'




snow cover Overland masses

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