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  5. CMY3706 - Contemporary Criminological Issues (CMY3706)

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Summary CMY3706 - Contemporary Criminological issues Study Notes
  • Course
  • CMY3706 - Contemporary Criminological Issues (CMY3706)
  • Institution
  • University Of South Africa (Unisa)

Study notes are made in color for better understanding. Short but with all the important info. Very complete. No more reading through the whole book. Use these study notes with the self-assessment questions in your book and past papers to guarantee a good mark. Good luck!

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  • September 23, 2022
  • 101
  • 2022/2023
  • Summary

Subjects

  • cmy
  • cmy3706
  • criminology
  • crime
  • study notes
  • 3706
  • summary

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  • University of South Africa (Unisa)
  • CMY3706 - Contemporary Criminological Issues (CMY3706)
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CMY3706
Unit 1: Aggravated Robbery

Introduction:
● Aggravated robbery instils more fear in communities than other criminal offences.
● Contact crime: crime category under which SAPS classifies aggravated robbery


3 Types of Aggravated Robberies:
● Robbery at residential premises
● Carjacking
● Robbery at non-residential premises
● {Trio crimes}


1.2 Contextualisation of concept Aggravated Robbery:
● Robbery: (theft by violence) includes unlawful + intentional use of violence to take
property belonging to someone else


Characteristics of Robbery:
● Unlawful + intentional act
● Theft of property (eg. motor vehicle)
● Use of violence (eg. using weapon) / threats of violence (eg. victim believes life is in
danger)
● Causal link between violence + taking of property


● Robbery = contact crime category
● Contact crime: crimes where victim is direct target / victim’s property targeted in
presence of victim + he/she threatened with use of violence / violence used
● Contact crimes include:
○ Murder
○ Attempted murder
○ Sexual offences
○ Assault
○ Grievous bodily harm
○ Common assault
○ Common robbery
○ Aggravated robbery
● Robbery with aggravated circumstances = aggravated robbery

,CMY3706
Unit 1: Aggravated Robbery

Introduction:
● Aggravated robbery instils more fear in communities than other criminal offences.
● Contact crime: crime category under which SAPS classifies aggravated robbery


3 Types of Aggravated Robberies:
● Robbery at residential premises
● Carjacking
● Robbery at non-residential premises
● {Trio crimes}


1.2 Contextualisation of concept Aggravated Robbery:
● Robbery: (theft by violence) includes unlawful + intentional use of violence to take
property belonging to someone else


Characteristics of Robbery:
● Unlawful + intentional act
● Theft of property (eg. motor vehicle)
● Use of violence (eg. using weapon) / threats of violence (eg. victim believes life is in
danger)
● Causal link between violence + taking of property


● Robbery = contact crime category
● Contact crime: crimes where victim is direct target / victim’s property targeted in
presence of victim + he/she threatened with use of violence / violence used
● Contact crimes include:
○ Murder
○ Attempted murder
○ Sexual offences
○ Assault
○ Grievous bodily harm
○ Common assault
○ Common robbery
○ Aggravated robbery
● Robbery with aggravated circumstances = aggravated robbery

, The Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 defines Aggravated Circumstances as:
● Any offence (under common law/statutory provision) of housebreaking / attempted
housebreaking with intent to commit offence, means-
○ Possession of dangerous weapon
○ Commision of assault / threat to commit assault by offender / accomplice on
occasion when offence committed (before, during or after commission of
offence)
● Robbery / attempted robbery, means -
○ Wielding of firearm/ dangerous weapon
○ Infliction of grievous bodily harm
○ Threat to inflict grievous bodily harm


● Aggravated Robbery (May): premeditated aggressive/violent behaviour with motive
of taking unauthorised items through means of aggression/weapons (firearms/any
sharp object/tool that can cause injury/death) + as violation of judicial system of
certain society + human beings’ right to safety + protection.


Subcategories of robbery with aggravated circumstances:
● Car hijacking
● Robbery at residential premises
● Robbery at non-residential premises
● Cash-in-transit (CIT) robbery
● Bank robbery
● Truck hijacking


Trio crimes:
● Car hijacking
● Robbery at residential premises
● Robbery at non-residential premises


Reason for focusing of 4 types of aggravated robberies:
● 2006 - SAPS - priority status = trio crimes, dure to dramatic increasing trend
● 2007 National Victims of Crime Survey (VOCS) - trio crime = priority status,
in comparison to previous years, more people victimised through robberies
● VOCS participants more afraid of being robbed/ house breaking than other
crimes, including mureder + sexual assualt (it is the most feared crime!)
● SA citizens more concerned about nature of trio crimes = occur in places they
should feel safest ( their homes, work, vehicle)
● Victims of trio crimes highly traumatised = crimes extremely violent +
accompanied with murder, assualt with grievious bodily harm


● CIT robbery = aggravated robbery

, ● CIT crime is uncontrollable epidemic, no cure
● Criminals force armoured vehicles (AV) open by blowing up with explosives =
endangers security guards protecting cash + innocent individuals in vicinity of crime
scene


● Zinn - serious implications of trio crimes + CIT robberies:
○ Victims = feelings of insecurity, physical injury, emotional trauma + loss of
property)
○ Negative public response
○ International condemnation
○ = most serious crimes SAPS has to deal with


1.3 Nature + Extent of Aggravated Robbery:
Table 1.1: Robbery with aggravating circumstances (trio crimes excluding truck hijacking)

Subcategories April 2018 – March April 2019 – March 2020 Increase/ decreases in actual % increase/ decreases
of aggravated 2019 cases
robbery

Robbery at 22 431 21 130 - 1 301 Decrease of 5,8%
Residential
premises


Carjacking 16 026 18 162 +2 136 Increase of 13,3%


Robbery at 19 991 20 651 +660 Increase of 3,3%
non-residential
premises



1.3.1 Robbery at Residential Premises
● House robbery = violent crime, committed while occupants are home.
● See stats on page 11 - 12


1.3.2 Carjacking
● Carjacking: unlawful + intentional forceful removal + appropriation of motor vehicle
belong to another.
● Truck hijacking: unlawful + intentional forceful removal + appropriation of truck
(not light delivery vehicles) belonging to another
● Stats on page 12


1.3.3 Robbery at non-residential premises

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