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BIO 235 Midterm Exam 2022
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BIO 235 Midterm Exam 2022. In the anatomical position, the subject stands erect facing the observer with the head level and the eyes facing forward. The feet are flat on the floor and directed forward and the arms are at the sides with the palms turned forward. The lungs are located in the a) c...

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  • September 27, 2022
  • 47
  • 2022/2023
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BIO 235 Midterm 1
Study Notes 2022

,CHAPTER 1

1. Anatomical Positions

In the anatomical position, the subject stands erect facing the observer with the head
level and the eyes facing forward. The feet are flat on the floor and directed forward and the
arms are at the sides with the palms turned forward.\
The lungs are located in the
a) cranial cavity.
b) vertebral cavity.
c) abdominal cavity.
d) pericardial cavity.
e) pleural cavity.
Which cavity is located inferior to the abdominal cavity?
a) vertebral canal
b) cranial cavity
c) abdominal cavity
d) pericardial cavity
e) pelvic cavity
Which cavity contains the heart?
a) cranial cavity
b) vertebral cavity
c) abdominal cavity
d) pericardial cavity
e) pleural cavity
Which plane divides the body into equal right and left halves?
a) frontal
b) midsagittal
c) transverse
d) oblique
e) coronal
Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?
a) frontal
b) sagittal
c) transverse
d) oblique
e) midsagittal
A transverse plane will cut a body or organ into
a) anterior and posterior portions.
b) left and right portions.
c) superior and inferior portions.
d) portions separated at an angle to its longitudinal axis.

,e) unequal left and right portions
Which directional term means farther from the midline?
a) medial
b) anterior
c) proximal
d) deep
e) lateral
Which directional term means farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk or farther
from the origination of a structure?
a) deep
b) contralateral
c) lateral
d) cephalic
e) distal
Choose the directional term that would make the following sentence correct. The heart is
_____ to the liver.
a) inferior
b) anterior
c) contralateral
d) superior
e) superficial
Choose the directional term that would make the following sentence correct. The sternum is
_____ to the heart.
a) posterior
b) anterior
c) inferior
d) superior
e) lateral
Which of the following organs is not found in the abdominal cavity?
a) stomach
b) spleen
c) liver
d) gallbladder
e) diaphragm
2. Basic Life Process: Growth

Answer: Growth is an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of
existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both. In addition, a tissue sometimes
increases in size because the amount of material between cells increases. In a growing
bone, for example, mineral deposits accumulate between bone cells, causing the bone to
grow in length and width.

3. Feedback systems and examples

, A feedback system or feedback loop is a cycle of events in which the status of a body
condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on. Each
monitored variable, such as body temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose level, is
termed a controlled condition. Any disrup- tion that changes a controlled condition is called a
stimulus. A feedback system includes three basic components: a receptor, a control center,
and an effector

Receptor: is a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends
input to a control center (afferent pathway)

Control Center: evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output
commands when they are needed (efferent pathway)

Effector: is a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces
a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.

A negative feedback system reverses a change in a controlled condition. Consider the
regulation of blood pressure. Blood pressure (BP) is the force exerted by blood as it presses
against the walls of blood vessels. When the heart beats faster or harder, BP increases. If
some internal or external stimulus causes blood pressure (controlled condition) to rise, the
following sequence of events occurs. Baroreceptors (the receptors), pressure-sensitive nerve
cells located in the walls of certain blood vessels, detect the higher pressure. The
baroreceptors send nerve impulses (input) to the brain (control center), which interprets the
impulses and responds by sending nerve impulses (output) to the heart and blood vessels
(the effectors). Heart rate decreases and blood vessels dilate (widen), which cause BP to
decrease (response). This sequence of events quickly returns the controlled condition—blood
pressure—to normal, and homeostasis is restored. Notice that the activity of the effector
causes BP to drop, a result that negates the original stimulus (an increase in BP). This is why
it is called a negative feedback system.

Positive Feedback Systems Unlike a negative feedback system, a positive feedback
system tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions.
In a positive feedback system, the response affects the controlled condition differently than
in a negative feedback system. The control center still provides commands to an effector,
but this time the effector produces a physiological response that adds to or reinforces the
initial change in the controlled condition. The action of a positive feedback system continues
until it is interrupted by some mechanism.

Normal childbirth provides a good example of a positive feed- back system. The first
contractions of labor (stimulus) push part of the fetus into the cervix, the lowest part of the
uterus, which opens into the vagina. Stretch-sensitive nerve cells (receptors) monitor the
amount of stretching of the cervix (controlled condition). As stretching increases, they send
more nerve impulses (input) to the brain (control center), which in turn re- leases the
hormone oxytocin (output) into the blood. Oxytocin causes muscles in the wall of the uterus
(effector) to contract even more forcefully. The contractions push the fetus farther down the
uterus, which stretches the cervix even more. The cycle of stretch- ing, hormone release,
and ever-stronger contractions is interrupted only by the birth of the baby. Then, stretching
of the cervix ceases and oxytocin is no longer released.

Another example of positive feedback is what happens to your body when you lose a great
deal of blood. Under normal conditions, the heart pumps blood under sufficient pressure to
body cells to provide them with oxygen and nutrients to maintain homeostasis. Upon severe

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