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Test Bank for Psychology Around Us, 4th Canadian Edition by Nancy Ogden
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Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4ce 4th Canadian Edition by Nancy Ogden, Michael Boyes; Evelyn Field; Ronald Comer; Elizabeth Gould ISBN-13: 5313 Full Chapters test bank included Chapter 1: Psychology: Yesterday and Today Chapter 2: Psychology as a Science Chapter 3: Neuroscience Chapt...

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  • November 23, 2022
  • 2429
  • 2022/2023
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CHAPTER 1
PSYCHOLOGY: YESTERDAY AND TODAY
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
• Psychology is the study of mental processes and behaviour.
• The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and control behaviour and mental
processes. Psychologists vary in the degree to which they focus on some of these goals
more than others.
• The study of psychology must occur at multiple levels, including the level of the brain (the
biological activity associated with mental processes and behaviour), the level of the person
(the content of mental processes), and the level of the group (social influences on
behaviour).


2. Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
• Early explanations of human behaviour were rooted in superstition and magic.
• Later, philosophers, beginning with the ancient Greeks, tried to develop more objective
theories of human consciousness and reality.
• The work of such early philosophers as Hippocrates, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
contributed to the later formation of psychology as a natural science.


3. Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research
methods.
• The development of psychology has been strongly influenced by shifts in the social
environment and development of new technology.
• The first psychology laboratory was founded in Leipzig, Germany, by physiologist Wilhelm
Wundt. Wundt was interested in human consciousness and will, which he studied through
small, structured activities that could be easily watched and replicated.
• Structuralism, a school of thought developed by one of Wundt’s students, relied upon the
use of introspection, the careful observation of human perception. The goal of the
structuralists was to find the smallest building blocks of consciousness.
• William James established the first psychology laboratory in the United States at Harvard.
He helped shift the field’s focus to the functions of mental events and behaviours, forming a
school of thought known as functionalism.
• Gestalt psychologists studied human tendencies to perceive pattern rather than dividing
consciousness into its smallest parts. They focused on putting together the “parts,” or
individual sensations, to create a “whole” or perception that went beyond the sum of the
parts.


4. Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic,
cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
• Over the years, different fields of psychology emerged, with different ideas about what was
the appropriate area of study for human psychology. Some of the most influential fields

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