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nursing

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Course
NURSING

Institution
NURSING

Nutrition: is the sum total of the processes involved in the taking in and the utilization of food substances by which growth, repair and maintenance of the body are accomplished. It involves ingestion, digestion, absorption and assimilation. Nutrient- are compounds in foods that are needed by ...

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Uploaded on November 26, 2022
Number of pages 42
Written in 2021/2022
Type Class notes
Professor(s) Genning ouma
Contains All classes

circulation of blood
endocrinology
microbiology
nutrition
trauma and emergency
importance of psychology to nurses

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1. Class notes - Nursing
2. Class notes - Pyschology for nurses
3. Class notes - Nutrion
4. Case - Using a nasogastric tube
5. Essay - Introduction to microbiolgy
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KENYA MEDICAL TRAINING COLLEGE

NURSING

TRAUMA AND EMERGENCY

Module Competence
This module is designed to enable the learner promote safety, prevent accidents, diagnose and
manage patients after trauma and accidents.

Module units
1. First aid/Basic life support – 10hrs
2. Trauma and emergency – 10hrs

Module learning outcome
By the end of this module, the learner should be able to: Initiate appropriate management
following trauma and emergency situations.

Module content
First aid: Definition and objective of first aid, principles and practice, organization, assessment
of situation, prioritization, staff deployment, control of the situation, Transportation of casualty
( lifting, carrying, immobilization), methods of fire extinguishing, common emergencies
(asphyxia, near drowning, wounds/hemorrhages, shock, convulsive disorders, fractures, injured
ligaments and muscles, poisoning, bites, stings, burns and scolds, unconsciousness, foreign
bodies, bandaging).

Basic life support (BLS): Assessment of signs of life (ABCD) and their management

Trauma and emergency: Types of emergencies, principles of trauma and emergency care
(triaging, assessing using ABCD).

,Definition and objective of first aid
Definition: First aid is the Emergency care or treatment given to an ill or injured person before
regular medical aid can be obtained (Merriam-Webster Dictionary).
It is the assistance given to any person suffering a sudden illness or injury, with care provided to
preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, and/or promote recovery. It includes initial
intervention in a serious condition prior to professional medical help being available, such as
performing Resuscitation (CPR) while awaiting an ambulance, as well as the complete treatment
of minor conditions, such as applying a plaster to a fracture. First aid is generally performed by
either laypersons or health care workers, with many lay people trained in providing basic levels
of first aid, and others willing to do so from acquired knowledge.

Objectives:
The following are the three objectives of first aid:
• To save somebody's life or preserve life
• To avoid more injury or prevent the condition from worsening
• To support healing or promote recovery.
The basic or elementary goal of providing first aid is to save life. You cannot always depend on a
qualified health care provider to be present to save somebody's life. It is not possible for
qualified health care provider to be around wherever anyone gets injured or in case of accidents.
Therefore, someone who knows first aid can save your life. The basic requirement to stay alive is
to breathe free. When somebody falls unconscious, or gets choked, it gets difficult for them to
breathe free. In case of choking, the first aider will use techniques that include putting pressure
on the abdomen or slapping the back to remove the cause of choking and clearing the passage for
the air to move in and out freely. If the victim is unable to breathe even after the air passage has
been cleared, the first aider might perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation or CPR. In this the first
aider gives mouth-to-mouth breathing to the victim and massages his or her chest simultaneously
in order to aid normal flow of blood throughout the body.
Secondly, first aid aims to avoid more injury and to stop a wound from getting worse. When you
perform first aid on somebody, you are helping him out of some danger. It might be as simple as
moving the victim away from where he or she got hurt. For instance, by covering a burning
victim with a blanket in case of fire, it is providing first aid to the victim. Similarly, covering a
wound with a cloth to control bleeding is also another form of first aid.
Last but not least is to provide help in healing. In some cases, first aid might be the treatment to
an injury like putting a bandage to a small scratch, whereas, in some cases, it could be the first
step to healing. People trained in first aid know how to manage any kind of situation from a
small cut to a fracture, till the arrival of the medical team.

,Principles and practice
Common sense is an important part of providing first aid care. First aid, properly given can
reduce the effects of injuries and medical emergencies. It can keep seriously ill or injured person
alive and can make the difference between a short and long hospital stay. Therefore, proper first
aid must be given quickly and effectively or the victim’s condition may worsen with time.
In the excitement of an emergency, it is important to stop for a moment to clear your mind and
think before you act. When responding to any emergency situation, remain calm and apply the
four emergency action principles.
1. Survey the scene.
2. Conduct a primary survey of the victim.
3. Call the emergency medical service (EMS) or look for help.
4. Conduct a secondary survey of the victim when appropriate.

SURVEY THE SCENE

In responding to an emergency situation, make a quick survey of the entire scene, look at the
area around the victim, this should take only few seconds, then decide what to do next. Consider
the following as you do your survey and don’t forget the principle of DR.

Is the scene safe?
You must remember that you cannot help a victim by becoming a victim yourself. You should
know your abilities. However, if you cannot get a victim because of extreme hazards, such as
fire, toxic fumes, heavy traffic, electrical wires or deep swift moving water call EMS or other
services needed to handle the specific life-threatening hazard.

However, if you safely get to victim, decide if it is save to remain at the scene while you
continue the steps of emergency action principle and care for the victim. If it is not safe, you may
need to make an immediate emergency rescue.

What happened?
If the victim is conscious, ask questions to what happened that caused the victim’s illness or
injury. If victim is unconscious, ask bystanders or look for clues, the scene itself often gives the
answer.

How many people are injured?
You should look beyond the victim you see at first glance. There may be other victims.

Are there bystanders who can help?
If there are bystanders, use them to help you find out what happened. Although bystanders may
not be trained in first aid, but they can help you in other important ways such as calling medical

, attention, by offering emotional support to the victim(s), their friends and their families and by
keeping onlookers from crowding around the victim.

D - Danger – Always presume that there is some danger so check for and deal with any
danger to yourself, the victim and bystanders e.g. traffic, electricity, infection from
body fluid etc.
R - Response – Check for response by talking and asking the questions and shaking
victim’s shoulders gently.

Identify Yourself as First Aid Provider.
Tell the victim and bystanders who you are and that you are trained in first aid, and this may help
to reassure the victim, and also, it will help you to take charge of the situation. Quickly take in as
much information as possible, and take into the consideration the principle of DRABCD.
S - Shout – The first aider must shout for help when there is no response and he is alone with
the victim.

CONDUCT A PRIMARY SURVEY OF THE VICTIM

The purpose of the primary survey is to check for the life threatening conditions and to give
urgent first aid care.

A- Airway – Casualty must have a clear and unobstructed airway to be able to survive.
Maintain an open airway by tilting the head back while placing two fingers to life the chin.
This head filth-chin position must be maintained to ensure the casualty airway remain
open.

B- Breathing – check for up to 10 seconds for breathing, if breathing but unconscious place
in
the recovery position, this will help to maintain an open airway but if not breathing, start
chest compressions alternating with rescue breaths at once.

C - Circulation – Check pulse and if the pulse is present, check blood pressure and
temperature.

MAKING THE EMERGENCY CALL
Make the call to emergency medical service provider or a health facility yourself or give the
responsibility to a bystander. Make sure that adequate and precise information is passed on to the
medics.

This includes:
1. The location of the emergency (exact address, city or town, location, landmark name of
the building, floor, apartment or room number).
2. The telephone number of the phone being used.

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