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introduction to microbiolgy
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It is the study of very small organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye. Most microorganisms are single celled and they include: Bacteria Fungi Viruses Protozoa Rickettsiae mycoplasmas

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  • November 26, 2022
  • 45
  • 2021/2022
  • Essay
  • Unknown
  • A

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  • fungi
  • bacteria fungi viruses protozoa rickettsiae mycoplasmas

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  • NURSING
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KENYA MEDICAL TRAINING COLLEGE

NURSING

INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY

It is the study of very small organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye. Most
microorganisms are single celled and they include:

Bacteria

Fungi

Viruses

Protozoa

Rickettsiae

mycoplasmas



VIRUSES

-are tiny organisms that meausure 25-30nm. They only live within other cells and reproduce by
replication

-they consist of nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein coat. They have either DNA or RNA
but never both.

FUNGI

-are multicellular organisms produce by spores(sexually or asexually)

-examples include yeast, moulds

RICKETSSIAE

Are intracellular parasites only replicating inside living cells. Have both DNA and RNA

PROTOZOA

Are small single celled animals that locomote by use of pseudopods. They produce sexually or
asexually.

CHLAMYDIAE

1

,Are intracellular microorganisms. Contain both RNA and DNA

MYCOPLASMAS

Are the smallest free living organisms usually associated with respiratory infections.

-are unicellular and contain both DNA and RNA

Differences between a virus and bacteria

bacteria Viruses


Living attributes: Living organism Opinions differ on whether
viruses are a form of life, or
organic structures that interact
with living organisms.

Number of cells: Unicellular; one cell No cells; not living

Structures: DNA and RNA floating freely DNA or RNA enclosed inside
in cytoplasm. Cell wall and a coat of protein
cellmembrane

Ribosomes: Present Absent

Enzymes: Yes Yes, in some

Infection: Localized Systemic

How is it treated?: Anibiotics Vaccines prevent the spread
andantiviral medications help
to slow reproduction but can
not stop it completely.

Beneficial?: Some beneficial bacteria (e.g. Viruses are not beneficial.
certain bacteria required in the However, a particular virus
gut) may be able to destroy brain
tumors (see references).
Viruses can be useful in
genetic engineering.

2

, bacteria Viruses


Reproduction: Fission- a form of asexual Invades a host cell and takes
reproduction over the cell causing it to make
copies of the viral DNA/RNA.
Destroys the host cell releasing
new viruses.

Size: Larger (1000nm) Smaller (20 - 400nm)


All bacteria are prokaryotic cells

Eukaryotic Cell Prokaryotic Cell
Nucleus: Present Absent
Number of One--but not true
More than one
chromosomes: chromosome: Plasmids
Cell Type: Multicellular Unicellular
True Membrane bound
Present Absent
Nucleus:
Example: Animals and Plants Bacteria and Archaea
Circular DNA doesn't need
Telomeres: Present (Linear DNA)
telomeres
Genetic Partial, undirectional
Mitosis and fusion of gametes
Recombination: transfers DNA
Lysosomes and
Present Absent
peroxisomes:
Microtubules: Present Absent or rare
Endoplasmic
Present Absent
reticulum:
Mitochondria: Present Absent
Cytoskeleton: Present May be absent
DNA wrapping on
Yes No
proteins.:
Ribosomes: larger Smaller
Vesicles: Present Present
Golgi apparatus: Present Absent
Mitosis: Yes No---but has binary fission
Absent; chlorophyll scattered
Chloroplasts: Present (in plants)
in the cytoplasm
3

, Eukaryotic Cell Prokaryotic Cell
Microscopic in size; membrane bound;
Submicroscopic in size,
Flagella: usually arranged as nine doublets
composed of only one fiber
surrounding two singlets
Permeability of
Selective not present
Nuclear Membrane:
Plasma membrane with
Yes Usually no
steriod:
Usually chemically
Cell wall: Only in plant cells (chemically simpler)
complexed
Vacuoles: Present Present
Cell size: 10-100um 1-10um
Differences between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell

CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA

Classification Systems

The classification of bacteria serves a variety of different functions.

A.bacterial morphology and staining properties of the organism Gram stain and bacterial
morphology

B.Serologic systems:

C. O2 growth requirements of the species combined with a variety of biochemical tests.

D. USE of taxonomic techniques -Genotypic systems

Phenotypic classification systems



BACTERIA

They are microscopic rigid cell unicellular micro-organism that produces asexually by binary
fusion

They posses varied degrees of properties that are common in plant and animals

They form a large group of parasitic, sarphoticand free living micro organism

The unit of measurement is µm

Belong to kingdom Monera and locomote by means of flagella

4

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