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ANTH 201 Full Course Notes

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ANTH 201 Full Course Notes

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  • December 6, 2022
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  • 2022/2023
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9/27/2022




Chapter 4


From Variant to Species




CHAPTER PREVIEW



Change in evolutionary theory
throughout the 20 th century
Variation, selection, and adaptation
What is a species / speciation?
Methods of species classification


4‐2




KEY TERMS

founder effect clades
variability gene flow
Hardy‐Weinberg genetic drift
Equilibrium genetic
speciation bottleneck
hybrid zones homologous
morphospecies traits
chronospecies homoplasies
anagenesis convergence
cladogenesis parallelism


4‐3




Copyright © 2015 by Nelson Education Ltd. 1

, 9/27/2022




variant to variation

 Variant
 Individuals within
a population

 Variability
 Different versions of
a trait

 Variation
 Range of expression of
a trait
 Continuum of expression
(genotypes or phenotypes)
 Variation is what’s needed for
natural selection and evolution
to occur
LO1 4‐4




What Darwin didn’t know

 Where variation came from (Mutation)

 How it was maintained and passed on from
parents to offspring (Mendelian inheritance)

 Evolution: The Modern Synthesis (Julien Huxley,
1942). Basically Evolution by Natural Selection
with some understanding of genetics.
 Evolution is the production (by mutation) and
redistribution (by NS) of genetic variation in a
population from one generation to the next




What Huxley didn’t know either

Natural selection is not the only force changing
gene frequencies from one generation to the
next:

Microevolutionary forces:
 Mutation
 Natural Selection
 Gene Flow
 Genetic Drift




Copyright © 2015 by Nelson Education Ltd. 2

, 9/27/2022




Micro and macroevolution

Microevolution ‐ small
genetic changes that
occur within a population
to make it better suited
to its environment


Macroevolution ‐ big
changes after many
generations (e.g. the loss
or formation of a new
species)




Mutation

 Caused by exposure to chemicals, radiation, sunlight,
nothing . . .
 Point mutations
 Chromosomal mutations
 Random with respect to the needs of the organism
 Mutations can be deleterious (bad), neutral or good


Mutation is the source of all brand new
genetic material or biological variation




Natural Selection

The differential survival
and reproductive
success of individuals
in each parental
population (generation)

And over time this leads
to… adaptation




http://www.newyorkapologetics.com




Copyright © 2015 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3

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