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Genetic diversity and meiosis II – PART II

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Course
Concepts in Molecular Biology

Institution
University Of Vienna

- Genetic diversity - Population genetics  Genetic Variation Is a well-adapted population highly homozygous for most favorable alleles?  turns out that most populations, even the well adapted ones, have a high degree of heterozygosity across their genomes. Ho...

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Uploaded on December 20, 2022
Number of pages 10
Written in 2022/2023
Type Class notes
Professor(s) Christa bücker and others
Contains Lecture 17

even the wel
genetic diversity population genetics  genetic variation is a well adapted population highly homozygous for most favorable alleles  turns out that most populations

Institution
University Of Vienna
Course
Concepts in Molecular Biology

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17 LC Concepts in Molecular Biology 04.11.2022
Genetic diversity and meiosis II – PART II
- Genetic diversity
- Population genetics

 Genetic Variation
Is a well-adapted population highly homozygous for most favorable alleles?  turns out that most
populations, even the well adapted ones, have a high degree of heterozygosity across their genomes. How
was this realized?

, 17 LC Concepts in Molecular Biology 04.11.2022
 the gene for the alcohol dehydrogenase in drosophila, different genes from different subpopulations
(1,2,3,4,5) the most common ones were isolated and sequenced and was realized that there are lots of
differences in the genetic code. This would by definition show the allelic differences, most of them are
silenced and don’t change their aminoacidic sequence; some are introns so they don’t affect the protein,
and some (the one with the star) gives two different proteins (the ones that we know beforehand).
We can have neutral mutations of different kind; the one that is easy to understand if there is not chance
in a coded aminoacind, never the less the dna sequenced is changed and maybe a prerequisite for a
secondary mutation to then change the aminoacid or the neutral mutations where a different aminoacid is
encoded but there is not phenotypic difference in a given environment.

Let’s imagine that yeast contains exactly the same aminoacids encoded by different genes, in terms of the
difference sequence; so you could create two yeast strains where all the 6000 proteins are encoded by a
different dna code, because of the degenerated code. We would have two different organisms that if we
analyze the proteins they would be authentycal, but they could not interbreed because during miosis they
need to exchange genetic material and they can’t. So mutation even though they might be neutral and not
lead to any change in the aminoacid code or they may not change the expression of a proteins, during
meiosis the dna sequences have to pair and the divergency must not be too big.  so you would create a

yeast that is identical on the protein level but not on the dna level and whey would not interbreed, because
of problems in miosis. Even though there are neutral mutations, they might not be neutral in terms of the
success within a population b ecause they still need to find a friend during miosis and the chromosomes still
need to pair.
Arabidobsis thaliana was sequenced too; in the 1000 genome project realized that there are millions of
single nucleotides polymorphisms, millions of insertions and deletions, and thousands of structural
variants. Across the population of humans were found millions of genetics aberrations.  so we know that
there is genetic diversity
 Chromosome aberrations include changes in chromosome number (gains and losses) and changes in
structure (deletions, inversions, and exchanges).

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