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Summary World history summery

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Osmania University

This document consists various topics related to world history topics included are: causes of renaissance in europe, note on renaissance art, impact of renaissance in europe, 95th thesis, counter reformation, 18th century europe, reasons of fall of Bastille, note on rise of nation states and pol...

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WORLD HISTORY

1) What were the causes of renaissance in europe?
A) Fall of constantinople: during the medieval period Constantinople was the center of christianity
and fine arts. In 1453 ottoman trucks achieved victory in Constantinople and forced the christian
scholars to flee to european countries where they not only spread their education and literature
among the people of europe but also impressed the european scholars by their knowledge and
learning. A.J. Grand has remarked, “the movement received a strong impetus in 1453 owing to the
capture of Constantinople by the turks.
Influence on literature: the scholars who failed from Constantinople and settled in Italy soon had
contacts with the other scholars of the country. They studied their books and translated them into
their own languages so that other latin or greek people could understand them. Influence of
religious wars: medieval age was popularly known for religious war. Various warriors used to fight
in the name of religion. As a result of religious wars, the Europeans came into contact with
different races. It brought a change in the geographical knowledge and social living. 3 religious
wars were fought between the muslims and the christians in order to control over jerusalem for
which the christians of various countries had to take part in the religious wars. Thus they came into
contact with other countries which increased their knowledge and widened their mental output.
Invention of printing press: in the beginning of the modern era printing presses and paper were
invented which made the books cheap in europe. After the invention of the printing press, bible
and greek and roman ancient literature were translated into english, french and german languages
so that all people could go through bible and the works of plato and aristotle.

2) Write a note on renaissance art?
A) Development in architecture: the ideas of ancient greek and roman philosophy were introduced
in contemporary architecture. Florence, Rome and Venice became the center of the architecture of
the renaissance age. Filipo was the first artist who began architecture in florence. St. Peter's
church in Rome was built by an artist named Bramnate which highlighted the climax of the
architecture.
Development of sculpture: it took place at Florence in Italy as a part of architecture. In this art also
the ancient greek and roman styles have been presented in a new and beautiful form. Loreazo
gilbartie was the first man who contributed to the rise of sculpture. Dontello, luccadilla, robbia etc.
were the great artists of sculpture but michelangelo was supposed to be the best of all. He was an
expert in architecture and painting also.
Development of paintings: the medieval paintings were inspired by religious feelings but during the
renaissance the religious ideals were mingled with realism. Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo,
Raphael and Titian were the most famous Italian painters.
Development of music: music also made tremendous progress in the 14th century. People began
to take much interest in instrumental music instead of vocals. Like other arts italy led the part in
music also. The contemporary musicians were very much impressed by the ancient, Greek,
Roman and jewish cultures.
3) What was the impact of the renaissance in europe?
A) the cultural awakening is a very significant event in the history of Europe because it influenced
almost all the spheres of europe. As a result of renaissance the significance of an individual was
enhanced and the importance of feudal lords demishied. During the medieval period the general

, masses had no authority to educate themselves. It was confined to priests only hence people used
to follow the commands of the priests without any questioning. Dogmatism and fanaticism was in
vogue everywhere but it ended with the rise and development of the modern era.
The invention of the printing press made the books available to the general public in their own
vernacular and cheap prices. High standards of vernacular literature began to reach the people of
europe. Martin Luther's German version of the bible provided new light to the followers of
christianity as now people began to understand the real principles behind their own religion. Now
they started to weigh the pros and cons of all matters before accepting them. The renaissance
period gave freedom of thought and critical aptitude to the people of europe.
On account of renaissance, art, literature and science developed to a greater extent. Dante and
Petrarch not only contributed to the development of the national languages but also injected the
spirit of patriotism into the people of europe. Fisher has commented that petrarch is the original
contributor of humanism in europe. His love towards ancient books was not less than worship. All
arts, architecture, sculpture, painting, music and dancing had a tremendous development during
the renaissance period. Artists made beautiful churches, palaces and buildings for the rich people
and decorated them to the finest.

5) What is a 95 thesis?
A) the 95 theses was on the power of indulgence which was written Dr Martin Luther used these
Theses to display his unhappiness with the Church's sale of indulgences, and this eventually gave
birth to Protestantism. It especially defied the teachings of the Church on the nature of penance,
the authority and power of the pope and the efficacy of indulgences. They sparked a theological
dispute that would result in the Reformation and the birth of the Lutheran, Reformed, and
Anabaptist traditions within Christianity. Martin Luther did not intend the Theses to be a program
for reform, an attack on the Pope, etc. He was simply questioning the indulgences. The purpose of
the 95 theses was to invite local scholars to a dispute on indulgences. He addressed a lot of
hierarchy issues within the church. History records Martin Luther as a savior of Christianity. He was
concerned with the well-being of the Catholic Church and its policy of granting forgiveness through
indulgence rather than penance. Luther's actions were neither cinematic nor groundbreaking. The
message of 95 Theses gave the summary and expressed the feelings of many of his peers already
about the corruption of Christ's teachings. Luther illustrated the spiritual, material, and
psychological truths behind abuses in the practice of buying and selling indulgences. He was not
out to pick a fight or to have his own way; his purpose was to uphold the truth, for the cause of
Christ.

6) What was counter reformation?
A) Martin Luther opposed the evils and rampage in the catholic church very firmly. Peace
statement was based on truth and reality and hence his reformation movement earned the
sympathy of the people and spread throughout Europe rapidly. Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli and
John Calvin exposed all the evils and corruption of the Roman Catholic Church before the people.
As a result the significance of the pope decreased among the people. Spain and Rome were the
centers of the Roman Catholics but the people of these places also began to realize that in the
if the current reformation movement was not checked in time the centuries old Roman catholic
religion would lose its importance forever.
They resorted to counter reformation. Actually it was a scheme of introducing some reforms in the

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