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Summary PHIL 210 Critical Thinking Lecture notes, Final Exam Review (Preparation notes for the final, mainly definitions as well as examples depending on the topic/material. This includes Chapters 1-8) (Concordia University) 2023

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PHIL 210

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Concordia University ( )

PHIL 210 Critical Thinking Lecture notes, Final Exam Review (Preparation notes for the final, mainly definitions as well as examples depending on the topic/material. This includes Chapters 1-8) (Concordia University) 2023

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phil 210 critical thinking lecture notes
final exam review preparation notes for the final
mainly definitions as well as examples depending on the topicmaterial this includes chapters 1 8 conco

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PHIL 210 Critical
Thinking Lecture notes,
Final Exam Review
(Concordia University)
2023

,
, lOMoAR cPSD| 6353920

PHIL 210 Final Exam Review

FORMS

Important Notes from Chapter 1 –

Soundness – When all premises are true, as well as all of them are valid.

Validity – When an argument meets the structural requirements that the conclusion is absolutely
certain to be true provided all the premises are true.

Inference – the thinking process through which premises lead us to conclusions.

Assertions – to undertake the obligation to defend or retract the assertion in the face of
questioning/evidence to contrary.

Arguments – the exchange of assertions/questioning then becomes the argument.

Explanation – if the assertion is known by the audience, it is considered an explanation (to make
better sense of something that is already believed).
- Causal explanation; describing the prior conditions that caused some event
- Pseudo explanation; labeling an answer that will require further information and cause
more questioning.

Truth Conditions –

Contingent Truth Example – There is no such thing as a purple elephant. (Could be sufficiently
true if there is a stuffed purple elephant).

Necessary Truth Example – Number 4 is not higher than Number 5. (True in every situation).

Valid Forms of Argument –

Modus Ponens – If P then Q, P, Therefore Q.

Modus Tollens – If P then Q, Not Q, Therefore not P.

Disjunctive Syllogism – Either P, or Q. Not P, Therefore Q.

Hypothetical Syllogism – If P then Q, If Q then R, Therefore if P then R.

Invalid Forms of Argument –

Denying the antecedent – If P then Q, Not P, Therefore, Not Q.

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Summary PHIL 210 Critical Thinking Lecture notes, Final Exam Review (Preparation notes for the final, mainly definitions as well as examples depending on the topic/material. This includes Chapters 1-8) (Concordia University) 2023

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