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Summary of literature for Intro to CBT
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  • Course
  • Introduction in cognitive behavior therapy (PSB3EKP07)
  • Institution
  • Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (RuG)

I summarised all the necessary chapters from the book: Farmer and Chapman (chapter 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9) and Judith Beck (chapter 1, 3, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18) as well as several articles required. The course talks about CBT, mostly exposure therapy and schema therapy.

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Document information

  • January 21, 2023
  • 101
  • 2022/2023
  • Summary

Subjects

  • cbt p
  • schema therapy
  • judith beck
  • exposure
  • cbt
  • cognitive behavioural therapy

Written for

  • Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (RuG)
  • Psychologie
  • Introduction in cognitive behavior therapy (PSB3EKP07)
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Introduction to Cognitive Behavioural Therapy – Literature

Rijksuniversiteit Groningen 

2022/2023

, Week 1
Lecture 1
1. Farmer, R.F. & Chapman (2016). Behavioral interventions in cognitive behavior
therapy: Practical guidance for putting theory into action. Washington, DC, US:
American Psychological Association
Chapter 1: Overview
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
 Efficacious
 Widely used
 Used for anxiety disorders, depression, personality disorders, substance use
disorders, eating disorders, and couples’ distress
 Broad and heterogenous
 Involves (to various degrees) cognitive, behavioural, emotional, physiological, and
environmental factors
 Ten schools that fall under the umbrella of CBT

Aaron T. Beck and Judith S. Beck
 Distorted and dysfunctional thinking influences mood and behaviour
o Such thinking is common to all psychological disorders
 Thought distortions and underlying core beliefs are unique
 Therapy aimed at:
o Promotion of realistic, accurate, and balanced thinking
o Changing behaviour and mood
 Therapy only works if the underlying beliefs and schemas are changed

Behavioural interventions in CBT: underlying assumptions and common features
Behavioural views on abnormality
 Psychology/psychiatry “deviant” or “defect” models of abnormality predominate
o Problematic behaviour = deviant/abnormal
 CBT  maladaptive schema
 Medical approaches  disease or dysfunctional biological processes
 Psychodynamic approaches  differentiation of internalised self and other mental
representations and maturity of inner defence coping mechanisms
 Each approach targets their problem area in therapy
 Something must be changed/altered/removed to get rid of abnormality

Behaviour theory and therapy
 Search for internal causes is largely avoided
 Concerned with what one does and the contexts
 Normality vs abnormality is determined by cultural norms, practices, and values
 Abnormality
o a problem in living
o a justifiable response to dysfunctional or stressful environments
o inadequate behavioural responses/coping
 Nothing defective or deviant Covert behaviour
 within a person
Behavioural interventions within CBT: description and application
Overt behaviour
 observable by others

,ABC model (three-term contingency) (Skinner, 1969)
 Antecedents  Behaviour  Consequence

Why people behave the way they do
 Functionalism – based on Darwinian evolutionary principles
o Physical structure related to function
o Behaviour is functional in relation to environmental context
 Functional behaviour is selected and made more likely
 Non-functional behaviour is not selected and become extinguished
o Behaviour is determined
 Environmental determinism
o Associated with the selection of variations in an individual’s behaviour over
successive generations
 Contextualism
o Events and behaviour are organised and linked together in meaningful ways
o Concerned with the context in which the behaviour is embedded

Common features among behavioural assessment
 Interpersonal therapies
o Focus on social behaviour and relations with others
 Cognitive therapies
o Focus on automatic thoughts, underlying assumptions, schemas
 Humanistic therapies
o Emphasise immediate experiences, emotions and the provision of validation
 Psychodynamic therapies
o Focus on historical material, mental representations of the self and other,
and the use of defence mechanisms
 Biological therapies
o Focus on neurochemical functions and neurocircuit activity

 Behaviour therapies focus on
 Contexts in which client’s problematic behaviour occurs
 Behavioural repertoire
 Potentially modifiable antecedents and consequences associated with the
maintenance of problematic behaviour
 Teaching new behaviours to replace problematic behaviours
 Motivation for change, viewed as:
o A state or condition resulting from environmental events
o Is modifiable through environmental manipulations

Behavioural assessment – several features associated with the new functional context of
behaviour are assessed and evaluated
 Antecedents
o When do problematic behaviours frequently occur?
o Are there common internal antecedents that immediately precede such
behaviour?

, o Are there establishing operations that increase the reinforcing value of
certain behaviours?
o Are there verbal rules that govern problematic behaviour?
o Etc.
 Consequences
o Are the short-term consequences similar to or different from long-term?
o Are positive reinforcing consequences instrumental in the maintenance of
the behaviour, or are negative reinforcing consequences more likely?
 Learning history as it relates to current problematic behaviours
o What factors in the client’s past have shaped and established the behaviours
that the client seeks to change?
 Current behavioural repertoire
o Overt behaviours
o Thoughts
o Experiences
o Emotions
o Physiological changes or responses
 Client’s motivation for change
o Does the client indicate a willingness to change his or her behaviour?
o Can the client articulate personal values or goals?

Although people may show similar patterns of behaviour, it is likely their motivations/
factors account for these patterns differ

Common features among behavioural interventions
 An empirical orientation
o Empirically supported intervention strategies
 Therapist-client collaboration
o Client is an active participant in the therapeutic process
o Work together to develop a formulation of problem areas and plan a therapy
 Active orientation
o Clients encouraged to actively do something about their problems
 A flexible approach
o Hypotheses regarding client’s problems undergo testing and evaluation
 Emphasis on environment-behaviour relations
o Clients described in terms of what they do in relational to situational context
 Time-limited and present focus
o Time allocated to therapy relative to severity
o Emphasis on the current not the past
 Emphasis on change AND acceptance processes
o Interventions promote change, encourage development of self-validation
o Non-judgemental approach

An overview of the history of behaviour therapy and behavioural interventions within CBT
Basic theories of learning
Theoretical roots of contemporary behaviour therapy lie in modern learning theories

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