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Summary Class notes for btm200
- Course
- Btm200
- Institution
- Concordia University ( )
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Farid 1Unit 1: Computer and Information Ethics
- Primary Issues with Technology
- Privacy issues: most importantly today as it relates to cloud computing
- Privacy in the digital world:
- Privacy of the person: right to keep body functions and characteristics private
- Example: genetic codes and biometrics
- Privacy of behaviour and action: sensitive issues
- Example: sexual preferences and habits, political activities and religious practices
- Privacy of communication: avoid the interception of communications
- Example: mail interception, use of bugs, directional microphones, telephone, etc.
- Privacy of data and image: making sure that individuals’ data is not accessible to
other individuals or organizations (maintain control over data
- Privacy of thoughts and feelings: the right to not share or have revealed certain
thoughts and feelings
- Privacy of location and space: individuals have the right to move about in public or
semi-public space without being identified, tracked, or monitored
- Privacy of association: people’s right to associate with whomever they wish, without
being monitored
- Intellectual rights: this is as it relates to context such as cloud computing and deals with
issues such as:
- Patent infringement
- Copyright infringement
- Trade secrets
- Confidential information
- Computer abuse: the use of a computer to do something improper or illegal
- To expose personally personally identifiable informational (PII)
- Using a computer to modify websites owned by someone else
- Illegally share copyrighted information
- Gaining unauthorized access
- To spy on company information and plans
- Morals
- Conforming to established ideas of right and wrong
- Laws
- They are formal standards that apply to all
- Enforced by official agencies such as governments
- Note:
- Laws to cover all possibilities is impossible
- Consequently, ethics would be used as general guidelines to manage the law and for
people to follow
Ethical Systems
- Relativism
- Definition
- No universal moral truth
- Moral principles dictated by cultural states and customs
- Case
- Topless bathing in Europe. This is generally banned on public beaches in the United
States
, Farid 2
- Divine Command
- Definition
- God is all-knowing. He is the one who sets morals and ethical standards
- God’s law is right all should conform to it
- Case
- The ten commandments
- Utilitarianism
- Definition
- Actions are judged solely by consequences. In other words, the outcomes of your
actions should be judged
- Actions that lead to, or produce happiness are considered to be superior to those that
generate unhappiness
- The greater good is more important than individual’s happiness
- Case
- Weapons of mass destruction. It may end war sooner. To that effect, saves lives and
misery that would have otherwise been more
- Virtue
- Definition
- Morals are found internally (within the person)
- Every individual should aim to behave well
- Case
- Volunteers versus court-ordered community service
- Donating money without having your identify announced
- Duty-Based (Deontology)
- Definition
- Understanding and adopting a lifestyle in line with moral duties and rights
- Everyone is expected to follow these moral duties and rights
- Case
- Freedom of religion
- Freedom of speech
- Unethical and Amoral Behaviour
- Unethical does not mean necessarily illegal
- Illegal behaviour does not necessarily mean unethical
- Amoral behaviours means no sense of right or wrong and the lack of awareness or interest
in the consequences
- Sources of Personal Ethics
- Religion
- Family
- Experience
- Teachers
- Friends
- Reflection
- Ethics and Society
- Social rules of conduct exist
- Ignoring them can have an impact
- Considering them may provide health benefits
, Farid 3
- Rejecting them may produce stress
- See Positive Psychology
- Causes of happiness
- Identifying personal strengths and values
- Negative (cheating, stealing, selfishness, lying) versus positive (generosity, honesty,
trust)
- Technology Challenges
- Technology advances continue to challenge the boundaries for ethics and moral behaviour
- Examples:
- Social justice: programming ethics into robots
- Intellectual property: 3D printing misuse
- Privacy: human implanted data chips
- Property rights: who owns outer space?
- Computer abuse: is organized hacking a mode of terrorism?
- What about Artificial Intelligence?
- What are the issues?
The Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics
1. Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people.
2. Thou shalt not interfere with other people's computer work.
3. Thou shalt not snoop around in other people's computer files.
4. Thou shalt not use a computer to steal.
5. Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness.
6. Thou shalt not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid.
7. Thou shalt not use other people's computer resources without authorization or proper
compensation.
8. Thou shalt not appropriate other people's intellectual output.
9. Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you are writing or the
system you are designing.
10. Thou shalt always use a computer in ways that ensure consideration and respect for your
fellow humans.
Unit 2: Computer Parts
CHAPTER 4: HARDWARE - THE CPU AND STORAGE
- Processing: The System Unit, Microprocessors, and Main Memory
- Electronic circuitry has remained basically the same over recent year
- A circuit is a closed path followed or capable of being followed by an electric current
- 4.1 Microchips, Miniaturization, and Mobility
- Microchips have gotten smaller and smaller yet more and more powerful and faster
- A transistor is a tiny electronic switch that can be turned “on” or “off” millions of times
per second
- Transistors form part of an integrated circuit: all the parts of an electronic circuit
embedded on a single silicon chip
- Integrated circuits are solid state (no moving parts)
- Silicon: a semiconductor made of clay and sand
- Semiconductor: a material whose electrical properties are intermediate between a good
conductor and a nonconductor of electricity
- Perfect underlay for highly conductive, complex circuits
, Farid 4
- Microchips (microprocessors) are made from semiconductors
- Chip: a tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of micro miniature integrated electronic
circuits
- Miniaturization
- Microchips: store and process data in electronic devices
- Microprocessors: miniaturize circuitry of an entire computer process (“brain”) on a
single chip
- Contains the central processing unit (CPU), which processes data into information
- System Unit
- The case that contains the computer’s electronic components used to process data
- PCs: tower or desktop; monitor is separate
- Laptops: monitor is attached to the system unit, like a clamshell
- Tablets: usually includes a touch-screen interface
- Smartphones: handheld system units
- 4.2 Representing Data Electronically
- Data is represented in a computer by binary code
- Binary system: the basic data-representation method for computers uses just two
numbers: 0 and 1, representing the off/on states of electricity or light pulses
- Measuring capacity (details on slide 11)
- All data and program instructions in the computer are represented as binary
- Bit: each 0 or 1 is a bit
- Byte: a group of 8 bits = 1 character, digit, or other value
- Kilobyte (KB)
- Megabyte (MB)
- Gigabyte (GB)
- Terabyte (TB)
- Petabyte (PB)
- Exabyte (EB)
- Binary coding schemes assign a unique binary code to each character
- ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
- Requires 7 or 8 bits per character, depending on the version
- 8-bit Extended ASCII provides 256 characters
- Commonly used for microcomputers
- Unicode
- Requires 16 bits per character
- Handles 65,536 characters — used for Chinese and Japanese
- EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)
- Requires 8 bits per character
- Used for IBM mainframes
- Machine Language: The computers “native language”
- A binary-type programming language (0s and 1s) built into the CPU that is run
directly by the computer
- Each CPU type has its own machine language; thus each computer’s machine
language is brand-dependent
- Language translators: the computer’s system software converts higher-level
language instructions and data into machine language so that the processor can
“understand” what to do
- 4.3 Inside the System unit
- Terms
- Bay: opening in the computer cabinet used for the installation of electrical equipment
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