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Summary Chapter 10 notes SLK 110
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  • Course
  • Psychology 110
  • Institution
  • University Of Pretoria (UP)
  • Book
  • PSYCHOLOGY

These notes are compiled using the textbook, lecture notes, and study outcomes. They are easy to understand and include diagrams. All of the visual material used in the textbook and in lectures are also included.

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  • 10
  • January 31, 2023
  • 25
  • 2022/2023
  • Summary

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  • chapter 10
  • slk110
  • psychology
  • tuks
  • up

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© Ane Venter




Chapter 10
Theories of Motives and Emotions




Lecture Notes are in Red

Extra notes are in Blue
1

,© Ane Venter



Motivational Theories

And concepts

1. What is Motivation?
2. Biological Theories
3. Incentive Theories
4. Positive and Negative Motivational Forces
5. Evolutionary Theories




1. What is Motivation?
→ Involves goal-directed behaviour
→ A set of processes that arouse, direct, and maintain behaviour toward attaining some goal
→ An energising force that stimulates arousal, direction, and persistence of behaviour
→ Theories of motivation are concerned with:
○ Why people perform one action rather than another
○ Why they continue with an action rather than doing something else
○ Why people work hard, or not, at what they are doing
→ Motives = needs, wants, interests, and desires that propel people to act.




2. Biological Theories
→ Includes:
a. Instincts
b. Drives
→ Basic argument = animals do things because patterns of behaviour are hard-wired into them


A. Instincts:
○ Behaviours that aren’t learned
○ We are born with specific innate knowledge about how to do things
- Pre-programmed at birth
- They are in our genes

2

, © Ane Venter
○ Babies are born with the ability to avoid pain + turn their heads if touched on the cheek.
○ 2 problems with seeing human behaviour as based only on instincts:
I. The list of instincts grew longer and longer as psychologists tried to explain the variety
and complexity of human behaviour.
II. Instinct argument is circular:
- A person does something because it is instinct … we only know it’s an instinct because
people do it.
- If every behaviour is governed by its own instinct, then instinct explains little
○ Theor fell out of favour because of circulatory nature + people began to emphasise the
importance of environmental stimuli.
○ Complexity and diversity of human behaviour + lifelong learning process = strong argument
against instinct theory
○ Instinctive traits do not have to be present at birth -> developed later in life


B. Drives:
○ A hypothetical, internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities
that should reduce this tension.
○ Based on the view that organisms are motivated by biologically based factors
○ Clark L. Hall = argued humans have internal biological needs that motivate them to perform
in certain ways
- Needs result in internal arousal / tension
- Respond to needs to restore order and maintain a sense of inner calm
- These responses include:
 Hunger  Rest
 Thirst  Escape from pain
 Sleep  Need to eliminate waste
 Need for air
- Concept of drive = derived from Walter Cannon’s observation that organisms seek to
maintain a HOMEOSTASIS.
 Homeostasis: the tendency of many biological systems to strive towards a state of
physiological equilibrium / stability
 Unpleasant states of tension = viewed as disruptions of the preferred equilibrium
○ When individuals experience a drive = motivated to pursue actions that will lead to drive
reduction.
3

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