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Summary Chapter 12 notes SLK 110
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  • Course
  • Psychology 110
  • Institution
  • University Of Pretoria (UP)
  • Book
  • PSYCHOLOGY

These notes are compiled using the textbook, lecture notes, and study outcomes. They are easy to understand and include diagrams. All of the visual material used in the textbook and in lectures are also included.

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  • Chapter 12
  • January 31, 2023
  • 21
  • 2022/2023
  • Summary

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  • slk110
  • chapter 12
  • tuks
  • summary
  • psychology themes and variations

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© Ane Venter




Chapter 12
Personality




Lecture notes are in RED

Extra notes are in BLUE


1

,© Ane Venter
The Nature

Of Personality

1. Defining Personality: Consistency and Distinctiveness
2. Personality Traits: Dispositions and Dimensions
3. The 5-Factor Model of Personality Traits




1. Defining Personality: Consistency and Distinctiveness
→ Personality = refers to an individual’s unique set of consistent behavioural traits
○ Explains why people do not react the same way in similar situations
○ Concept of personality = used to explain:
a. The stability in a person’s behaviour over time and across situations (consistency)
b. The behavioural differences among people reacting to the same situation (distinctiveness)
→ Quality of consistency across situations lies at the core of the concept of personality
→ Distinctiveness = also central to concept of personality
→ Each person has a distinctive set of personality traits


2. Personality Traits: Dispositions and Dimensions
→ Personality trait = durable disposition to behave in a particular way, in a variety of situations
→ Adjectives describe dispositions that represent personality traits
→ Factor analysis:
○ Correlations among many variables are analysed to identify closely related clusters of
variables
○ If the measurement of several variables correlates highly with one another = assumed that a
single factor is influencing all of them
○ Used to identify hidden factors = basic, higher-order traits that determine less basic, but
more specific traits


3. The 5-Factor model of Personality Traits
→ Robert McCrae and Paul Costa = used factor analysis to arrive at a much simpler 5-factor model of
personality
→ most personality traits are derived from these 5 higher order traits.

2

, © Ane Venter
i. O - openness to experience
○ Associated with curiosity, flexibility, vivid fantasy, imaginativeness, artistic sensitivity,
and unconventional attitudes
○ Tend to be tolerant of ambiguity
○ Less need for closure on issues
ii. C - conscientiousness
○ Tend to be disciplined, well-organised, punctual, and dependable
○ Associated with strong self-discipline and ability to regulate oneself effectively
○ Referred to as constraint in some trait models
iii. E - extraversion
○ Characterised as outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, assertive, and gregarious
○ More positive outlook in life
○ Motivated to pursue social contact, intimacy, and interdependence
iv. A - agreeableness
○ Tend to be sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest, and straightforward
○ Associated with constructive approaches to conflict resolution
○ Correlated with empathy and helping behaviour
v. N - neuroticism
○ Tend to be anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, and vulnerable
○ Tend to overreact more in response to stress
○ Exhibit more impulsiveness and emotional instability




3

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