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NCE / CPCE study sets Questions prepping. Rated A+. verified. continuous development - -view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills discontinuous development - -view that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ag...

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  • February 17, 2023
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NCE / CPCE study sets Questions
prepping. Rated A+. verified.

continuous development - ✔✔-view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on
existing skills



discontinuous development - ✔✔-view that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at
specific times or ages



Nature vs. Nurture - ✔✔-Do genes (nature) or environmental factors (nurture) contribute more to a
person's being?



prenatal - ✔✔-conception to birth



Infancy / Child - ✔✔-Birth to 2 years- Changes in the brain and body, motor skills, perceptual,
intellectual strengthens, 1st intimate ties to other people



early childhood - ✔✔-2-6 years, Play years, refined motor skills, thought and language expand quickly,
sense or morality strengthens, build ties with other children.



middle childhood - ✔✔-6-11 years, improved athletic ability, more logical thought processes, mastery of
basic literacy skills, advancing in self-understanding, morality, friendship, begin peer-group relationships.



adolescence - ✔✔-the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to
independence from family, sexual maturity, abstract thinking, school achievement is important, defining
personal values/goals.

- Parietal lob develops around age 16

- Death rates by injury between ages 15-19 are six times higher than between ages of 10 -14

- The adolescent brain is about 80% developed

,early Adulthood - ✔✔-18 - 40 years, leave home, complete education, full time work, concerns are
developing around career, forming intimate partnership, marrying, and rearing children.



middle adulthood - ✔✔-40-65 years, height of careers, help children being independent lives, awareness
of mortality arises.



Late Adulthood - ✔✔-65+, death looms, retirement, decrease in health



Charles Darwin (1809-1882) - ✔✔-1. British biologist who wrote "On the Origin of Species"

2. Challenged the idea of special creation by proposing a revolutionary theory of biological evolution

3. Concluded that every living plant and animal takes a part in a constant "struggle for existence" in
which only the "fittest" survive

4. Argued that the fittest are determined by a process of natural selection



G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) - ✔✔-Set up first psychological laboratory in North America; focused on
development and education. Founded the American Journal of Psychology and pioneered the study of
child development



normative approach - ✔✔-Launched by G. Stanley Hall and Arnold Greseli. Measures of behavior are
taken on large numbers of individuals and age-related averages are computed to represent typical
development.

PROVIDES A TIMETABLE OF EXPECTED DEVELOPMENTAL EVENTS AT CERTAIN AGES.



psychosexual stages of development (Freud) - ✔✔-four distinct stages of the development of the self
between birth and adulthood, according to Freud; personality quirks are a result of being fixated, or
stuck, at any stage: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital.



Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) - ✔✔-founder of psychoanalysis, a controversial theory about the workings
of the unconscious mind: Id, Ego, Superego

,Id (Pleasure-pain principle) - ✔✔-a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud,
strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle-pain,
demanding immediate gratification.



Ego (Reality principle) - ✔✔-the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to
Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality
principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. The
fulcrum in the seesaw metaphor, balancing the id and the superego.



Superego (Ego Ideal, Conscience) - ✔✔-the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents
internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations



Oral Stage (0-18 months) - ✔✔-stage focuses on pleasure on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing
(attachment is a major factor)



Anal Stage (18-36 months) - ✔✔-pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with
demands for control



Phallic Stage (3-6 years) - ✔✔-stage focuses on pleasure zone in the genitals, coping with incestuous
sexual feelings (Oedipus Complex)



identification - ✔✔-the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values
into their developing superegos



Latency Stage (6-puberty) - ✔✔-A phase of dormant sexual feelings, superego strengthens as the child
acquires new social values from adults and same-sex partners.



Genital Stage (puberty on) - ✔✔-sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented toward others



Erik Erikson (1902-1994) - ✔✔-Erikson is an Ego Psychologist (Believes that man 's powers of reasoning
can control behavior) and is the only psychoanalyst whose developmental theory encompasses that
WHOLE LIFE SPAN. Described eight developmental stages, each characterized by a challenging
developmental crisis

, Proposed five psychosocial stages build on Freud's theory, but added three adult stages



Frued's Psychodynamic Theory - ✔✔-Focus on the unconscious process of the id, ego, and superego.



ego defense mechanisms - ✔✔-largely unconscious distortions of thoughts or perceptions that act to
reduce anxiety



Psychosocial Theory (Erikson) - ✔✔-emphasized that in addition to mediating between id impulses and
superego demands, the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills
that make the individual an active, contributing member of society



Erik son's Psychosocial Theory believes that ... - ✔✔-the stages are universal and occurring similarly
regardless of culture, these stages built upon one another and no stages can be missed, and some stages
may never be reached.



Erikson's Psychosocial Stages - ✔✔-1. Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-1 year)

2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2-3 years)

3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)

4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years)

5. Identity vs. Identity Diffusion (12-18 years)

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (early adulthood: 19-mid 20s)

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation/Self-Absorbtion (middle age: late 20s-50s)

8. Integrity vs. Dispair (old age: 60s and beyond)



Generativity Types - ✔✔-



Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson) - ✔✔-0-1 years. Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn
to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner

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