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RUG Psychology bachelor selection summary

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  • Course
  • Selection 23/24
  • Institution
  • Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (RuG)
  • Book
  • Psychological Science

Summary of all the necessary chapters you need to study for the selection Psychology at the Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (RUG). Document consists of chapter 2 (research methods), chapter 4 (consciousness) and chapter 12 (social psychology). All key words are in bold, other important definitions are ...

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  • No
  • Chapter 2, 4 and 12
  • February 28, 2023
  • 20
  • 2022/2023
  • Summary

Subjects

  • research methods
  • social psychology
  • selection rug
  • rug psychology
  • psychology selection
  • chapter 4 consciousness
  • chapter 12 social psychology
  • rijksuniversiteit groningen
  • chapter 2 research methods

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  • Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (RuG)
  • Psychologie
  • Selection 23/24
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RUG selection Psychology 23/24



Table of Contents

CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODS....................................................................................................2

HOW IS THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD USED IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH? (2.1-2.4)...............................................2
WHAT TYPES OF STUDIES ARE USED IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH? (2.5-2.8)..................................................4
WHAT ARE THE ETHICS GOVERNING PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH? (2.9-2.11)....................................................5
HOW ARE DATA ANALYSED AND EVALUATED? (2.12-2.15)..........................................................................6

CHAPTER 4: CONSCIOUSNESS...........................................................................................................7

WHAT IS CONSCIOUSNESS? (4.1-4.5)......................................................................................................7
WHAT IS ALTERED CONSCIOUSNESS? (4.6-4.9)..........................................................................................8
WHAT IS SLEEP? (4.10-4.14)................................................................................................................9
HOW DO BRAIN INJURY AND DRUGS AFFECT CONSCIOUSNESS? (4.15-4.18)...................................................12

CHAPTER 12: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY.................................................................................................15

HOW DOES GROUP MEMBERSHIP AFFECT PEOPLE? (12.1-12.5)...................................................................15
WHEN DO PEOPLE HARM OR HELP OTHERS? (12.6-12.9)...........................................................................16
HOW DO ATTITUDES GUIDE BEHAVIOR? (12.9-12.11)..............................................................................17
HOW DO PEOPLE THINK ABOUT OTHERS? (12.12-12.14)..........................................................................18
WHAT DETERMINES THE QUALITY OF RELATIONSHIPS? (12.15-12.17)..........................................................19

,Chapter 2: Research methods
Empiricism: gaining knowledge by observing the world and measuring aspects of it.

How is the scientific method used in psychological research? (2.1-
2.4)
2.1 Science has three primary goals.
Primary goals of science: description, prediction, and explanation.
- Prevalence: the proportion of a population who have a specific characterization during a
specific period.

Scientific method: systematic procedure to obtain
information about a scientific subject.
- Research: a scientific process that involves
the careful collection, analysis, and
interpretation of data.
- Data: measurements gathered during the
research process.
- Theory: a model of interconnected ideas or
concepts that explains what is observed and
makes predictions about future events.
Based on empirical evidence.
- Hypothesis: a specific, testable prediction, narrower than the theory it is based on.

2.2 The scientific method is a systematic way to test hypotheses.
There are seven steps that define the scientific method:
1. Pose a specific, testable research question 5. Conduct the study
2. Literature review (what is already known?) 6. Analyze the data
3. Form a hypothesis 7. Report the results
4. Design a study

2.3 The scientific method is cyclical.
No single study can provide a definite answer or explanation about any phenomenon.
Replication: repeating a study to confirm or contradict the results.
- Reproducibility project: an initiative from a large group of psychologists that sought to
replicate findings that had been published during 2008 in three selected journals. 39% of
these studies replicated.
False positive: a result that occurs when there is no real effect, but a study produces a statistically
significant result by chance.

Questionable research practices: practices that unintentionally make the research less replicable,
such as small samples, HARKing (hypothesizing after results are known), p-hacking (using different
formulas or sets of data to get the right results) and underreporting null effects (not reporting the
lack of relationships).

Preregistration: documenting a study’s hypothesis, methods, and analysis plan before the study
starts and publishing it on a time-stamped website.

Meta-analysis: a “study of studies” that combines the findings of multiple studies to arrive at a
conclusion.



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