Class notes

Bio 1A03 - Test 2 Study Guide

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Course
BIO1A03

Institution
McMaster University (mcmasteru)

Study guide for Test 2 for Bio 1A03. Includes the following topics: Translational Requirements Process of Translation Proteins in DNA sequence From genome to proteome Post-translational modifications Release of functional proteins Insulin production Receptor Kinases Housekeeping ge...

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Uploaded on March 9, 2023
Number of pages 37
Written in 2022/2023
Type Class notes
Professor(s) Dr kajura
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T2M3

● Translational Requirements

○ tRNA

■ tRNA transfers cytoplasmically situated amino acids to a growing

polypeptide strand in a Ribosome

■ Each tRNA contains

● Single RNA strand

● 70-90 nucleotide length

● A lot of complementarity along the tRNA

○ Many structures have hydrogen bonds

○ Makes the helical segments and 3 loops

○

○ Anticodon region:

■ Nucleotide triplet that forms complementary

base pairs with a mRNA codon

■ Written: 3’ - 5’ direction

■ Align with mRNA in a 5’ - 3’ direction

■ At the 3’ end of the tRNA

● Protruding amino acid attachment site

● Single stranded CCA nucleotide

,■ Terminal A (Adenine) is the actual point of

attachment for an amino acid

● tRNA molecule activation

■

■ Activation of a tRNA with a specific amino acid

is carried out by the enzyme - Aminoacyl tRNA

Synthetase

● Specific to tRNA and the Amino acid to

which it’ll bind

● The Active site:

○ Recognizes the Anticodon end of

the tRNA and the region of the

amino acid attachment site

● Processes the Covalent attachment of

tRNA to Amino Acid

○ Energy from ATP

○ Leads to charged tRNA molecule

or Aminoacyl tRNA released

from the enzyme

● Only 45 tRNA molecules

, ○ Some tRNA molecules may be

able to bind to more than one

Codon

○ Largely due to the chemical

nature of the Codon

○ While the first 5’ end of the

mRNA (codon) and the 3’ end of

the tRNA (anticodon) need to be

exact, there is more flexibility for

the 3’ end of the mRNA and the

5’ end of the tRNA

○ Known as Wobble

● Translation occurs in the Cytosol

● Process of Translation

○ Eukaryotes

■

■ Occurs when a translation initiation complex forms towards the 5’ cap

of the mRNA

■ Scans mRNA until AUG is encountered

■ Start of translation:

● Initiation factors will bind to the 5’ cap of the mRNA

, ● Allows for recruitment of the small ribosomal subunit

● Other initiation factors will bind to the tRNA with a charged

methionine

● Move along the mRNA from 5’ - 3’

○ Until AUG

● The large subunit is able to bind to the rest of the initiation

complex

○ From GTP hydrolysis

● Next charged molecule can join the ribosome

● Initiation factors are released

● Polypeptides are synthesised from the Amino end to the

carboxyl end

●

● Methionine will be placed in the Peptidyl (P site) of the

ribosome

● Each subsequent tRNA binds with the Aminoacyl (A site) of

the Large Ribosomal Subunit

● Each tRNA comes with a GTP bound elongation factor

● When the correct Codon-Anticodon pairing is made

○ GTP hydrolysis happens

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