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BTEC Applied Science: Unit 14 Assignment A

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  • Course
  • Unit 14 - Applications of Organic Chemistry
  • Institution
  • PEARSON (PEARSON)

A. P1 A. M1 A.M2 A. D1 Criteria's Met. Learning Aim A: (Distinction - Understand the Properties, Reactions, and Structures, of Functional Group Compounds. Distinction Grade Achieved throughout the whole Unit 14 Assignment. Includes detailed description of Organic chemistry and the different organ...

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  • March 18, 2023
  • 35
  • 2021/2022
  • Class notes
  • Unknown
  • All classes

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  • informative
  • a p1 a m1 a m2 a d1 criteria met distinction grade achieved

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  • BTEC
  • PEARSON (PEARSON)
  • Applied Science 2016 NQF
  • Unit 14 - Applications of Organic Chemistry
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it was good until it came to the distinction where the two main diagrams were missing

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Pearson BTEC level 3 national extended certificate in applied science
Unit 14 applications of organic chemistry
Understand the structure, reactions and properties of functional group
compounds
Halogenoalkanes

Halogeno-alkanes are alkanes that 1 or more halogens attached to it for e.g
chloropropane




Halogeno-alkanes react with hydroxide ions to form an
alcohol
E.g bromoethane + NAOH = ethanol




Where it shows how the nucleophile OH attacks the positive carbon in
bromoethane therefore lone pair of electrons being sent to carbon which will
break its bond with chlorine, lone pair of electrons being sent to chlorine which
will bond with NA from hydroxide ion therefore nucleophile OH will bond with
carbon to form ethanol and sodium chloride

Conditions for halogenoalkanes reacting with hydroxide ions
. warm sodium hydroxide
. under reflux


Halogenoalkanes react with cyanide ions to produce nitriles

,E.g chloroethane + KCN = propenenitrile
Where the nucleophile CN will attack the positive carbon in chloroethane
therefore lone pair of electrons being sent to the positive carbon which will then
break its bond with bromine therefore lone pair of electrons being transferred to
bromine therefore nucleophilic substitution with bromine by now bonding to the
carbon to form propanenitrile


Conditions for halogeno-alkanes reacting with cyanide ions
. Warm ethanolic potassium cyanide
. under reflux

Halogeno-alkanes react with ammonia
E.g bromoethane + ammonia = ethylammonium bromide




Where it shows how ammonia is a nucleophile which attacks the positive carbon
in bromoethane therefore lone pair of electrons will be sent to carbon which will
then break its bond with bromine therefore lone pair of electrons will be sent to
bromine and ammonia will form a bond with the carbon to form ethyl ammonium
bromide
Conditions
.hot ethanolic ammonia

Elimination reaction between 2-bromopropane and NAOH
E.g bromoethane + NAOH = ethene

,The nucleophile OH will attack the hydrogen adjacent to the positive carbon there
transferring a lone pair of electrons to the carbon which will break its bond with
the hydrogen in which the electrons in the bond will form a double bond between
the 2 carbons. The second carbon will then break its bond with bromine
transferring the lone pair of electrons in the bond to bromine which it will bond
with NA from the hydroxide ion. With the hydrogen and bromine removed it
overall forms ethene
Conditions
.heated under reflux
.Hot ethanolic NAOH




Alcohols

Primary alcohols contain only one alkyl group attached
To carbon e.g butan-1-ol




Secondary alcohols have 2 2 alkyl group attached to carbon
E.g Butan -2-ol

,Tertiary alcohols have 3 alkyl groups attached to carbon
e.g butan-3-ol




Primary alcohols are oxidized to produce an aldehyde which have a C=O and a C-
H at the end of the carbon and then further oxidized to produce carboxylic acids

E.g ethanol + oxidizing agent = ethanal + water




Where it shows how 2 hydrogens is removed from ethanol and bonds with
oxygen from the oxidizing agent to form a water molecule and ethanal



Ethanal is further oxidized to form a carboxylic acid where a oxygen added to
ethanal from the oxidizing agent to form ethanoic acid

,Secondary alcohols are oxidized to make ketones which have C=O in an inner
carbon
E.g propan-2-ol + oxidizing agent = propanone




Where 2 hydrogens in propan 2 ol is removed from the oxidizing agent and bonds
with oxygen from the oxidizing agent to form a water molecule and propanone

Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized as they dont have carbon that has a
hydrogen attached to it

Conditions of oxidizing primary alcohols
. reflux
. distillation
Excess Oxidizing agent (potassium dichromate,conc sulfuric acid)

Conditions of oxidizing secondary alcohols
.oxidizing agent (potassium dichromate, conc sulfuric acid

Dehydration of alcohols
Alcohols dehydrate to form alkenes
E.g ethanol + conc H2SO4 = ethene


Where OH bonding with carbon is removed by the H atom produced by the
carbon adjacent to the OH to produce ethene

E.g propan-2-ol + conc H2SO4 = propene




Where the OH bond with carbon is removed by the hydrogen from the sulfuric
acid to form propene and the OH and hydrogen forms a water molecule

, Conditions for dehydration of alcohols
High temperature
Concentrated sulfuric acid

Alcohols react with acyl chlorides to form esters
E.g ethanol + ethanoyl chloride = ethyl ethanoate

When ethanoyl chloride and ethanol are added it demonstrates how an ester is
formed with and a burst of HCL produced as well


Amines




Primary methane contains one methyl group as it shows how it replaces one
hydrogen from ammonia therefore forming the primary methylamine




Secondary methane contains two methyl
groups replacing 2 hydrogens forming
dimethylamine

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