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IB Geography SL notes
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  • Course
  • Histoire - Geographie, géopolitique et sciences politique
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  • High School
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  • Geography for the IB Diploma Study and Revision Guide SL and HL Core SL and HL Core

These notes were the ones I have taken throughout my IB geography class at standard level. The chapters they cover are: Climate Change Population Option E: Leisure, Sport and Tourism Option F: Food and Health

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  • March 27, 2023
  • 31
  • 2022/2023
  • Interview
  • Unknown
  • Unknown

Subjects

  • geography sl
  • climate change
  • population
  • option e
  • option f
  • internation baccaleaureate ib
  • ib

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  • Histoire - Geographie, géopolitique et sciences politique
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INCLUSIVITY IN SPORTS
General ideas:
- Sexes are separated (makes it difficult for some trans ppl)
- Some people have pre-existing health conditions
- Economic disadvantages
- Football teams
- Many countries cannot afford to send so many athletes (have to pay for the
training and stuff)
- Geographical disadvantages
- Size
- In certain sports, you’re separated by weight (often in martial arts)

Inclusivity in the Olympics
- Has always been international: number of participating countries only fell three times
- 1904 when participation fell due to the Russo-Japanese war
- 1976 and 1980 Montreal and Moscow games, fell due to political boycott
(Russia’s involvement in Afghanistan)
- Between 1900 and 2012, the number of events included went from 100 to 300
- Women are included in the olympics
- Has become more available for other countries to win
- Introduced culturally significant games to asia: judo, table tennis
- Rule changes in certain sports ensure that each country only allows one
representative
- Still a way to go: 58.3% of countries (120) in the London 2012 olympics did not
win any metals
- Number of female participants have increased over time
- In 2012, 44% of athletes were women
- IOC ruled that any new sports hoping to enter the olympics should include both
genders
- Countries with the smallest gap in participants between gender are India,
Brazil and russia. China sends more women than men.
- Openly promote queer rights, queer athletes that receive awards are allowed to speak on
it
- Tom Daley, gay driver
- Included a clause which states that the Olympics will be enjoyed without any
discrimination towards minorities in the guidelines
- Prohibits any hosts to discriminate within the participating clients and audience
- Addition of the paralympics

, - Include a section dedicated to people with disabilities, gives them the ability to
compete against others that will be at the same disadvantage as them, hence will
have better chances at a medal
- However, do not really take less and more severe impairments into account
- S1 athletes have limitations that others may not: specialised coaches and team,
awareness of their disabilities: easier for S10
- There are disincentives of choosing athletes with severe disabilities (travel and
training becomes more difficult and expensive)
- Number of events for S1 and S2 participants is significantly decreasing
- Trans people are allowed in the Olympics, however receive certain limitations
- Some testosterone limits placed on trans women: before this applied to the entire
competition, now it is for each specific sport to decide. This decision was met
after a conversation concerning increased internal levels of testosterone not
improving the performance of athletes in certain sports.
- New framework stops women from having to “prove their gender”, and follows
ten guidelines to avoid any harm and advantages. Focuses on concrete data from
sports competitions, not just assumptions. This will be to the discretion of each
sport to apply.
- Will rely on stakeholders to implement open mindedness concerning these new
rules

Inclusivity of the World Cup + UEFA
- During the Qatar World Cup, efforts were made to announce that queer people should not
be discriminated against. However, due to the competition taking place in Qatar, queer
people were not allowed to display any affection.
- Many football players took the initiative to wear queer bands on their arms, to
which FIFA threatened to penalise them: threatened to give each player a yellow
card
- Displaying affection as a queer couple could have led to expulsion from the
stadium
- Unlike the Olympics, which emphasise that these minorities should be accepted in
all host cities: makes sense
- At the UEFA, there is also an effort made to be inclusive of the queer community.
However, this is disrespected by certain European countries, most notably Hungary
- Presence of an anti-LGBTQ banner at a Portugal vs Hungary match
- Supporters booed Irish players for taking a knee in honour of pride month (june)
- More emphasis should be placed on the behaviour of the audience as well as the
players, countries should be encouraging their population to act accordingly
- Neither football tournament has a program involving football players with disabilities

,Discrepancies between countries
- How good national sports teams are in countries are dependant on certain factors
- Economic factors
- Certain sports require a lot of funding (horseback riding, ski, tennis) based on the
nature of the sport and the facilities required for it, not sustainable for certain
countries
- If a country is poor, their main concern will not be sports as they have other
concerns
- Political factors
- If the country is at war or has any political conflict, they will have bigger
concerns
- Certain events/countries may be boycotted due to political differences
- Qatar at the world cup
- 1976 and 1980 Olympics were boycotted due to Russia’s involvement
with Afghanistan
- Cultural
- What sports are tied to the culture, these are more likely to be practised
- Sports is currently dominated by the western world, popular international sporting
events often focus more on sports tied to western culture: football, basketball, etc
- Geographical
- Certain sports (ski) are dependent on the presence of certain areas to the
landscape
- Hills/mountains
- Bodies of water


BENFICA
Site

, - Close to many buses and metros, specific bus that takes you to the stadium
- Trains that take you into cais de sodre, from where you can take the metro/bus:
available to people living in regions close to lisbon (ex. Cascais)
- Formed in belem in 1904, moved to the capital in the 1980s to be more easily accessible

Sphere of influence
- As the team itself lacks major funds, often trains players to reach their potential before
selling them: their economic process
- Train portuguese players in their academy, so they can start when they’re young
- Ex. joao felix and bernardo silva, jan oblak, angel di maria
- This tactic has made it so that they have not been majorly successful when it comes to
international competitions, as they sell their best players
- Part of the “big three” teams in portugal: most supported portuguese club
- European club with the highest percentage of supporters in their own country
- Fanbase itself has been a huge contribution to the team: when building the estadio
da luz fans donated 900 thousand tons of concrete for free
- 5.8 million supporters in their own country (out of 10 million portuguese)
- 14 million supporters worldwide
- Have around 50 thousand people attending their matches each year: in 2015-2016
top 12th in europe
- Portuguese club with the largest number of members, second largest in the world
(won a guinness world record in 2006)
- People travel from all across Portugal to watch the matches, and portuguese travel to
foreign stadiums to watch their matches as well
- Football in portugal has a strong cultural link, which explains the dedication of the fans
- Families often all support the same team
- Benfica itself has a link to the working class, which explains the large proportion
of supporters from Portugal: they relate to the team


VARIATIONS IN SPHERES OF INFLUENCE (SPORT +
TOURISM)

Sphere of influence - area from which people will go to a certain facility
- Neighbourhood park: have one every neighbourhood, people would not travel far
- Touristic facilities: further than the city, people will travel
- City stadiums: generally national, but it depends on the event

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