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University of Minnesota: BIOL 1901 Biology 150 Notes,100% CORRECT

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BIOL 1901

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BIOL 1901

University of Minnesota: BIOL 1901 Biology 150 Notes Properties of organisms: o Highly ordered o Use energy o Genetic information o Reproduce o Composed of cells • (about) ~ 1.5 million species named • Up to 100 million total species • Classified into 3 domains or 6 kingdoms ...

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Fitzsimonds
University of Minnesota: BIOL 1901 Biology 150 Notes

Biology 150 Notes
CHAPTER 1

Properties of organisms:
o Highly ordered
o Use energy
o Genetic information
o Reproduce
o Composed of cells

• (about) ~ 1.5 million species named
• Up to 100 million total species
• Classified into 3 domains or 6 kingdoms
o Kingdoms: Plantae, fungi, Animalia,
Protista, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria
o Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

CELL THEORY
• All living organisms are composed of one or more
cells.
• Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
• Cells contain the hereditary information of the organism of which they are a part.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD
➢ Observation
➢ Question
➢ Hypothesis
➢ Test!!!
➢ Results
➢ Conclusions

• Covalent bonds-
sharing electrons
• Ionic bonds- giving/taking electrons to complete the outer ring in
elements. (lose an electron= (+), add an electron = (-)
• Hydrogen bonds- fairly weak, bonds that attract each other (hold
together DNA) (they give water very important properties)
• pH scale: (measure of H+ concentration) 0-14… 7 is neutral, below is
acidic, above is basic/alkaline. Acid- increases concentration of H+.
o Pure water= [H] = 0.0000001

, Fitzsimonds

• Natural Selection- how evolution occurs. (Heredity and Environment)
• Evolution- change of characteristics of a population over time
• Speciation- When natural selection causes a population of a species to
diverge and form a new species.
• Fitness- an organism ability to produce offspring
• Adaptation- a trait that increases the fitness of an individual in a particular environme
• Chromosome theory of inheritance- (Theador Boveri) Heredity and Gene
Info is inside of cells, located in chromosomes (contains DNA).
• Central Dogma- CH 3 RAT…
• Four Building Blocks:
o A, T, G, C

*DNA CAN BE COPIED

, Fitzsimonds

Chapter 2: Water and Carbon: The Chemical Basis of Life

• BASIC chemistry
• Structure of water molecules
• pH scale

Isotopes- each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal
numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence
differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a
radioactive form of an element.
Ion- an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one
or more electrons.

Helium 
A, N= 2
A, M= 4 Shell

1. * Explain the difference between protons, neutrons, and electrons. Fig. 2.1.
o Protons are (+1), mass of 1, nucleus
o Neutrons are (0), mass of 1, nucleus
o Electrons are (-), mass of 1/1,840, electron cloud
o Protons + Neutrons is atomic mass, mass number= protons
o Protons=Electron (unless it’s an ion)
2. Explain the difference between ions and isotopes. P. 56, 57
o Ions gain or lose electrons
o Isotopes gain or lose neutrons
3. * Explain the difference between atomic number and atomic mass. Fig. 2.2
o Atomic Number= # of protons (or electrons- unless it’s an ion)
o Atomic Mass= Protons + Neutrons
4. Identify the number of electrons in the valence shell of an atom based
on the atomic number, atomic mass, and overall charge. Fig. 2.1.
5. * Explain how covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds
work and distinguish among these types of bonds.
Figs. 2.4, 2.5, and 2.6.
o Covalent bonds- sharing electrons
o Ionic bonds- giving/taking electrons to
complete the outer ring in elements. (lose
an electron= (+), add an electron = (-)
o Hydrogen bonds- fairly weak, bonds that

, Fitzsimonds
attract each other (hold together DNA) (they
give water very important properties)

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