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Lecture notes of 5 pages for the course Educational technology at Educational technology (Yhh)
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Topics to be learn :Gravitation, Circular motion and centripetal
force, Kepler's laws, Newton's universal law
of gravitation, Acceleration due to the
gravitational force of the Earth, Free fall,
Escape velocity.
Types of forces :
Gravitational force: There exists a force of
attraction between any two particles of matter in
the universe such that the force depends only
on the masses of the particles and the
separation between them. It is called the
gravitational force and the mutual attraction is
called gravitation.
The gravitational force between the earth and
the moon. The gravitational force is a universal
force, i.e., it acts between any two objects in the
universe.
Electromagnetic force: The force between two
charged particles in motion.
Nuclear force: The force between a proton and
a neutron in the nucleus of an atom.
Centripetal force : In uniform circular motion of
a body, the force acting on the body is directed
towards the center of the circle. This force is
called centripetal force.
Thus, a force acts on any object moving along a
circle and it is directed towards the center of the
circle. This is called the centripetal force.
Centripetal means center seeking, i.e., the
object tries to go towards the center of the circle
because of this force.
Example : The moon revolves around the
earth due to the gravitational force exerted on it
, by the earth. This force is directed towards the
center of the earth and is thus a centripetal
force.
+ Effects of a force acting on an object:
(1) Newton's first law of motion: An object
continues to remain at rest or in a state of
uniform motion along a straight line unless
external unbalanced force acts on it.
(2) Newton's second law of motion : The rate
of change of momentum is proportional to the
applied force and the change of momentum
occurs in the direction of the force.
(3) Newton's third law of motion: Every action
force has an equal and opposite reaction force
which acts simultaneously. [ Equal in magnitude
and opposite in direction. ]
+ Keplers laws of planetary motion:
Newton's universal law of gravitation : Every
object in the Universe attracts every other
object with a definite force. This force is directly
proportional to the product of the masses of the
two objects and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them.
As the law of gravitation given by Newton is
applicable throughout the universe and to all
particles. Hence it is called universal law.
Q. Why is the constant of gravitation called
a universal constant?
+ Answer:
The earth’s gravitational force: The
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