Class notes
Class notes PSYC 1010
- Course
- PSYC 1010
- Institution
- York University (Ebor )
The class notes during the entire year for all four tests
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-know something about the difference between elaborative and maintenance rehearsalMaintenance rehearsal (also known as rote memorization) involves repeating information
(out loud or in your head).
Elaborative rehearsal is more elaborate and involves additional memory aids like mnemonic
devices.
-serial position effect
the psychological tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than those in
the middle. The serial position effect is a form of cognitive bias, and it includes both the
primacy effect and the recency effect.
-“reaction-range” within the context of intelligence
-refers to the genetically-determined limits on IQ
-good concept in theory but not in practice because there’s no way of measuring reaction
range.
Memory:
Different perspectives for explaining behavior
Memory is associated with the cognitive perspective
- The learning that has persisted over time through encoding (getting info into
memory), storge (maintaining info in memory), and retrieval (getting info out of
memory)
3 stage model of memory
1. Sensory store (gives attention)
2. STM (rehearsal)
3. LTM (encoding and retrieval)
Sensory memory:
- Information enters via our sensory organ
- Can hold vast amounts of information
- After-image or sound lingers briefly after the stimulus (s) is removed
- Iconic memory (visual S) lasts a fraction of a sec
- Echoic memory (auditory s) lasts 3-4 secs
- Attention is needed for info to be encoded in STM
- Info not attended to decays and won't be recalled
Short term memory (STM)
- Sometimes called “working memory”
- Can hold unrehearsed info for 20 secs
- Has a limited capacity (holds 5-9 items at a time)
- Information loss can be due to decay or displacement
- Rehearsal is required to maintain info in STM
, Chunking
- A chunk is a group of familiar S stored as a single unit
- Increases the capacity of STM
- IBM-CTV-CBC-FBI is easier to recall (due to chunking) than IB-MCT-VC-BI is
- 12 individual letters are reduced to 4 meaningful chunks
Working memory model of STM
1. Auditory rehearsal
2. Central executive
3. Visual spatial
This model still sees STM as having a limited capacity and short duration
However, sees STM as having more functions
3 Components of “Working Memory”:
a) Auditory Rehearsal
- represents ALL of STM in the original model
- is at work when you repeat info to maintain it in STM
b) Visual-Spatial Information
- allows us to temporarily hold and manipulate visual images
c) Central Executive (manager)
-controls deployment of attention
-consults with LTM to help make sense of new info
How is info transferred from STM to LTM (by using elaborative rehearsal)
Possible strategy:
just plain repetition of the words.
This is called: Maintenance Rehearsal
-serves to keep words “alive” in STM
-But not an effective strategy for transferring info into LTM
Other possible strategies:
a) create hierarchies
b) visual imagery
c) weaving words into a story
The above are examples of elaborative rehearsal and are effective ways of transferring info
from STM to LTM Elaborative Rehearsal
-you try to recall info by creating associations
Examples:
-using PINs that have meaning
-setting a phone # or alphabet to a tune
Mnemonics - formal memory aids
High-imagery words (ex., book, car, girl) are better recalled than low-imagery words
(ex., kindness, truth, mind)
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