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CELL BIOLOGY TEST REVIEWER (2023)(NEW)
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- BIOL-10001
Cell Biology Test Reviewer. Full Coverage (2023)(UPDATED)
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MODULE 1 - INTRODUCTION TO CELL individual organisms can beBIOLOGY grouped into populations
higher levels of organization include
communities, ecosystems, and
biosphere
Scope of Biology
•Cell biology is a vast subject and has
many overlapping subdisciplines including:
- Molecular Biology - Immunology
- from specie Archaea, predecessor of - Biochemistry - Ecology
Eukarya - Genetics - Botany
Cell Biology: - Microbiology - Zoology Etc.
Biology deals with all aspects of - Physiology
life and cells are the basic unit of
life. Biotechnologists may focus more on one
Incredible diversity in life forms and or another of these areas, but
yet there are many traits shared by biotechnology is necessarily an
different life forms. Common interdisciplinary subject, so you need to
themes unite biology. have some understanding of each of these
Important to understand both topics.
similarities and differences and
studying the cell is an excellent place
to start. Cells and the Microscope
In addition, we are interested in the
Cells only become known with the
more general aspect of how science is
development of the Light Microscope in
done, i.e., how scientific hypotheses
the 1600’s
are made and tested, how
experiments are carried out etc. • critical since in general cells are very
small
Hierarchical Organization of Biology
• as microscope technology advanced
1. Cell
so did cell information
atoms joined together into molecules
molecules organized with membrane-
bound units called cells
Biochemicals got encapsulated in a
membrane and became a cell
2. Organism
-can be unicellular or multicellular
-further organization (tissues, organs,
organ systems etc.) can exist
Robert Hooke used crude
3. Population microscope that magnified 30x
CELL BIOLOGY | RADS | 1
, -saw pore-like compartments in Leeuwenhoek’s were Simple Microscope
bark that hadn’t been seen before and had only one lens)
- CELLS.
Light source
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek – first to
see ‘animalcules’ (paramecium) in • illuminates the specimen
pond water, human blood cells etc.
Condenser Lens
- van Leeuwenhoek followed up on
Hooke’s published results • gathers the diffuse rays from the light
- developed more powerful source and illuminates the specimen
microscopes (up to 300X
Objective Lens
magnification)
• collects the light rays focused on the
Light Microscope
specimen
• first microscope developed
• With our eyes, we the smallest size we
Ocular lens
can see is about 0.2 mm = 200 m
• image formed by the objective lens is
• With the aid of a light microscope, the
used as an object by the ocular lens
smallest size we can see is about 0.2
system
m = 200 nm
Important Terms in Microscopy
Magnification
• extent of magnification (need to
indicate in diagrams e.g. 400x or
1000x magnification)
• result of the ocular lens and objective
lens
The standard magnification of ocular
lens is 10x
Objective lenses are 4x (40x),
10x(100x), 40x(400x), and
100x(1000x)
Resolution
• ability of the microscope to
differentiate between different objects
Visibility
Diagram of a compound light
microscope • factors that allow the object to be
observed
light refers to method by which light
transmits image to your eye
Compound Microscope means that the
microscope has more than one lens Electron Microscopes
(Early microscopes e.g Van
CELL BIOLOGY | RADS | 2
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