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Summary all lectures youth and sexuality

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This is a summary of all the lectures of the course youth and sexuality, written in English. It is structered in bullet points.

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  • June 8, 2023
  • 66
  • 2022/2023
  • Class notes
  • Esther driel
  • All classes
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Summary Lectures Youth and Sexuality
Lecture 1
PART 1: SEXUALITY RESEARCH IN THE PAST CENTURY AND NOW

Youth is a fluid concept, which can contain children as well as young adults
 People have different ideas about what youth is.
 We will focus on adolescents: 12 to 25 years.

Sexuality can be a lever in adolescent development
 It is the phase where you will become independent from your parents.
 You will develop personal morality and identity.
 You will develop meaningful intimate relationships.
 Crucial in finding balance between autonomy and connectedness.
 And it is the time people take the first steps in terms of exploring desires and
boundaries of yourself and others (consent).

What is sexuality?
 Some central concepts we are talking about:




 Sexuality is the broad term that can be narrowed down.
 For example sex, which refers to ‘that act’.
 It is also often explained as sexual orientation, what you are attracted to
(sexuality).
 Or to ‘sekse’ and gender, about your own masculinity and femininity.
 And to sexual health, which is understood in a narrow sense as sexual
protection, but it also includes sexual dysfunction, violence and positive
sexual experience.
 But also sexology as a scientific study of sexuality in a broad term.

The modern study of sexuality: an overview
1. 1900-1940: first period of large growth of scientific interest, sexology research and
societal influence.
 Dominated by physicians, which was a divergence from the past (in which
sexuality was mostly a moral issue).
 From religious-moral to medical-psychiatric.

,  German psychoanalyst laid foundation for sexology: Von Krafft-Ebing and
Freud.
 Often considering female desire deviant.
 1906: Birth of psychology as a science.
 First steps of moving away from LGBT as disease, immoral or a crime.
2. Post WW2: more interdisciplinary, also biology, psychology, sociology.
 US leading in sexology: Kinsey, Money.
 Alfred Kinsey: Biologist, zoologist, sexoligist → ‘The Kinsey Reports’.
 Based his ideas about sexuality on biology.
 Revolutionary: he moved the field from medical to
interdisciplinary.
 Taxonomy of human sexual behaviors.
 Homosexuality as a scale.
 Controversial in his time: revelations about masturbation,
orgasm, premarital sex, homosexuality, differences and
similarities between men and women, and more.
 John Money: psychologist, sexologist.
 Groundbreaking clinical empirical studies on gender identity
development among intersex children.
 Highly unethical.
 Introduced the term ‘gender’ (1955): all those things that a
person says or does to disclose himself or herself as having
the status of man and woman.
 It includes, but is not restricted to, sexuality in the
sense of eroticism.
 Criticized for e.g. David Reimer sex reassignment study.
 What do you take away from this: he showed that gender and
sex are not totally different or the same.
 All these studies seem really unethical, but without these studies we
wouldn’t be where we are now.
 Europe: first feminist wave, e.g. Simone de Beauvoir.
3. Sexual liberation (60s): sexual revolution, second feminist wave, oral contraceptives.
 Masters and Johnson, ‘discovery’ human sexual response cycle (1966):
 Stage 1: excitement.
 Stage 2: plateau.
 Stage 3: orgasm.
 Stage 4: resolution.
 A natural physiological process can be blocked by psychological
inhibitions.
 Controversial methods: observing people having sex in a lab.
 Seeing how the body and people respond.
 Laid foundations for behavioral therapy of sexual dysfunctions.
4. 1973-2000: social-constructionist versus medicalization/evolutionary perspective.
 Simon & Gagnon: The social sources of human sexuality.
 Michel Foucault, Jonh Gagnon, William Simon, Shere Hite, Susan
Brownmiller
 Emergence of social-constructivist perspectives
 Dismissal of the Freudian idea of ‘sexual instinct’.
 Growing attention for sexual violence, sexual equality (m/f).
 Sexuality = product of societal regulation, norms, meaning, and the
freedom/ right to express themselves
 Sexual behavior = social behavior
 Sensitive for interpersonal and intrapsychological cultural
scripts

,  1974: Homosexuality removed from DSM (no longer considered a mental
disorder).
 After heated debate, 58% of 10.000 APA psychiatrists voted that
homosexuality is no longer a ‘ mental disorder’.
 Increased awareness:
 What is normal and abnormal?
 What is sexual ‘deviance’ or ‘variation’?
 More attention for sexual violence and inequality (Shere Hite, Susan
Brownmiller).
5. Recent developments: professionalization of sexology.
 “Discovery” of the full anatomy of the clitoris (Helen O’Connell, US urologist).
 It is just as big as a penis, but it is inside.
 More attention for sexual pleasure and inequality, e.g., orgasm gap.

Ellen Laan (1962-2021)
 Groundbreaking research into female sexual arousal.
 Psychologist/ sexologist/ professor / founder of Sexual Wellbeing Nederland
 Some myths maintaining sexual inequalities (between heterosexual cisgender men/
women):
1. Men are from Mars, women from Venus
 Of 30 sexual behaviors, only 4 moderate differences, and 80,26%
overlap (Petersen & Hyde, 2010).
2. Penis and vagina are important for reproduction and therefore for sexual
pleasure.
 Penis-in-vagina sex does not facilitate women’s orgasms.
 Sexual inequality observation 1: orgasm gap.
 In heterosexual relationships, women have fewer orgasms then the men with
whom they have sex (65% vs 95%; Frederick et al. 2018)
 Women in lesbian relationships have more orgasms.




 Sexual inequality observation 2: sexual pain
 About 10% of women always have pain during intercourse, in men this is rare
 Pain during intercourse is prevalent in young women (>50% in NL, De Graaf
et al., 2005)
 The expectation of pain impairs arousal → more pain (Brauer et al., 2007)
 Sexual inequality observation 3: sexual coercion and sexual violence.
 Ellen Laan’s definition of sex: “Sex should not refer to a particular act, but to an
experience: a sexually pleasurable experience that is [can be] affectionately shared
by equal individuals”.

, Sexual similarity observations
 Men and women are similar in the capacity to experience sexual
 pleasure
 Responsivity to sexual stimuli
 Sexual desire
 Sex drive/ hormones (no, men aren’t always in the mood…)
 But: men and women have different opportunities for sexual pleasure
 (in heterosexual relationships)
 Gendered scripts, coital imperative (penis-in-vagina sex does not facilitate
women’s orgasms)

Towards sexual equality
 A prioritization of pleasure for all → health benefits.
 Diversity/ inclusion → reduce impact of coital imperative/ gendered scripts.
 Discourse of similarities instead of differences (promoting equality is not a women’s
issue).


PART 2: PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE

A few important principles:
 Sexual development is a lifelong process.
 Things you experience during childhood or adolescence can have an
influence later on life.
 In which time period you grow up is of large influence.
 Sexual development is multidimensional




 It is not only about sexual behavior, but also about gender identity, behavior.
 Sexual development is context-related.
 Bio-psycho-social context is of great importance and has an influence on
what is possible and what typically happens.
 Interaction between individual and context.
 Individuals have an active role and to a certain point can create their own
environment, for example choosing friends and partner(s).
 Sexual development has many paths.

Early childhood age 0-5
 Before the child is born, there are also several experiences that have influences.
 Context:

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