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Introduction to the Pathology of Blood Disorders

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  • Course
  • Physician Associate
  • Institution
  • University Of Reading (UoR)
  • Book
  • Biology

The mindmaps presented in this document offer an introductory overview of the pathology of blood disorders, specifically designed to cater to the learning needs of biomedical and other healthcare students. By visually organizing and connecting key concepts, these mindmaps aim to enhance comprehe...

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Document information

  • June 9, 2023
  • 7
  • 2022/2023
  • Class notes
  • Sam boateng
  • Pathology - blood disorders

Subjects

  • pathology
  • blood disorders
  • anaemia
  • leukaemia
  • venous thrombosis
  • arterial thrombosis
  • myocardial infarction
  • ischaemic stroke
  • biomedical science
  • pharmacy
  • physician associate
  • peripheral arterial disease

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Histology Pathophysiology
Anaemia : Reduced haemoglobin concentration (oxygen carrying capacity)
Red Blood Cells (RBC) : Transport oxygen (bound to in the blood
haemoglobin) + carbon dioxide around the body
Common condition affecting :
No Nucleus or Mitochondria Women - 10%
Full of haemoglobin Men - 2-5 %
Biconcave disks
Causes / Classifications :
Low hematocrit
Low RBC count
Small pale RBC



Treatment
Dependant on cause
•Stop / address any bleeding Causes
•Iron rich foods, iron supplements, iron injections
•Folate / B12 rich foods, supplements, B12 injections

ANAEMIA
•Blood transfusion Acute bleeding : Trauma / surgery
Chronic bleeding : Heavy menstruation
Iron deficiency : Dietary / Malabsorption / Pregnancy
Folate or Vitamin B12 deficiency : Dietary / Malabsorption
Premature destruction of RBC : Haemolysis (sickle cell)




Diagnosis
Hb concentration <120g/L
Cause + class Signs + Symptoms
Size/ Colour / Count of RBCs
Pallor
•Acute bleeding – low RBC count, normal size / colour Fatigue
•Chronic bleeding – depends on resulting deficiency Tachycardia
•Iron deficiency – normal count, small pale RBCs Shortness of breath
•Folate / B12 deficiency - normal/low count, large RBCs
-Haemolysis - low count, normal size / colour Severe anaemia : heart attack / angina / fainting

, Histology
Pathophysiology
5 types of WBC : lymphocyte , monocyte ,
neutrophil , basophil , eosinophil
Leukaemia : Uncontrolled growth of one WBC type in the bone
Fewer / larger than RBCs ~24μm marrow

Deficiencies of WBCs eg. Neutropenia
•Autoimmune disorders
•Infections
•Leukaemia – cancer of the WBCs




Treatment

Chemotherapy
Causes
Usually uknown
Bone marrow transplant Ocassionally :


LEUKAEMIA
Chemicals
Radiation
Genetic
Smoking
Virus




Diagnosis Signs + Symptoms
Increase in affected WBC type Overcrowding of the bone marrow causes…
Decrease : other WBC / RBC / platelets -Anaemia (fatigue)
-Leukopenia (recurrent infections)
Bone marrow biopsy : increase in immature WBC -Thrombocytopenia (bleeding)
-Systemic (weightloss , fever , infections)
Histology of WBC : possibly enlarged nuclei (immature -Muscular weakness
blast cell) -Bones / joints (pain , tenderness)

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