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Summary SLK 110 Chapter 9 notes (University of Pretoria) CA$7.68
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Summary SLK 110 Chapter 9 notes (University of Pretoria)
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  • Course
  • SLK 110
  • Institution
  • University Of Pretoria (UP)
  • Book
  • Psychology: Themes and Variations

The notes cover all the necessary information within Chapter 9 of the prescribed SLK/Psychology 110 textbook. The notes are able to provide the student with in-depth knowledge about the work in this chapter.

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  • No
  • Chapter 9
  • June 22, 2023
  • 27
  • 2022/2023
  • Summary

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  • university of pretoria

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Chapter 9


Motivational Theories

● Motives: Are needs, wants, interests and desires that push people in certain

directions.

○ Motivation: Involves goal-directed behaviour.




Drive Theories
● Drive was derived from Wlter Cannon’s observation that organisms seek to

maintain Homeostasis.

○ Homeostasis: A state of physical equilibrium or stability.

● Drive theories apply the concept of homeostasis to behaviour.

○ A Drive: Is a hypothetical, internal state of tension that motivates an

organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension.

● The unpleasant state of tension is seen as disruptions of the preferred

equilibrium.

● When individuals experience a drive, they are motivated to pursue actions that

will lead to drive reduction.

Eg. If you go without food for a while, you begin to experience some

discomfort. This internal tension (the drive) motivates you to obtain food.

Eating reduces the drive and restores physiological equilibrium.

● Drive theories cannot explain all motivation.

○ Homeostasis appears irrelevant to some human motives, like desire for

knowledge or learning.

■ The times you eat when you aren't hungry can't be explained by

drive theories.


Page 1

,Incentive Theories
● Propose that external stimuli regulate motivational states.

● Incentive: Is an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behaviour.

Eg. Monetary prize or an A on your exam



Differences between Drive and incentive

Drive Theories Incentive Theories

Emphasise how internal states of tension Emphasise how external stimuli pulls

push people in a certain direction. people in a certain direction.

Source of motivation lies within the Source of motivation lies outside of

organism. the organism.

Emphasises the role of homeostasis. Emphasises the role of the

environment.




Evolutionary Theories
● The motives of humans and of other species are the product of evolution.

○ Argue that natural selection favours behaviours that maximise

reproductive success. (Passing on genes).

■ They explain motives such as affiliation, achievement, dominance,

aggression and sex drive in terms of their adaptive value.

● Evolutionary analyses of motivation are based on the premise that motives can

best be understood in terms of the adaptive problems they solved over the

course of history.

Eg. The need for dominance is thought to be greater in men than in women

because it could facilitate males’ reproductive success in a variety of ways.

Females may prefer mating with dominant males, dominant males may try to

lure females from subordinate males, dominant males may intimidate male




Page 2

, rivals in competition for sexual access

● Motivational theorists of all persuasions agree on one point.

○ Humans display an enormous diversity of motives.

■ local conditions and experiences are likely to affect the way in

which these theories show themselves in practice.

● Motivation results from the interaction between the individuals and the

environment, and could be learned through a person’s own experiences.


Motivation of Hunger and eating
Biological factors in the regulation of hunger


Brain Regulation
● Hunger is controlled by the brain.

○ The hypothalamus controls

hunger and the regulation of

multiple different biological

needs.

● The lateral hypothalamus and

ventromedial nucleus of the

hypothalamus were the brain's on-of

switches for the control of hunger.

● Currently the belief is that the lateral

and ventromedial areas of the

hypothalamus are elements in the neural circuitry that regulates hunger.

○ However they are not the key elements, or on-off centres.

● Today scientists believe that 2 other areas of the hypothalamus (Arcuate nucleus

and the paraventricular nucleus) play larger roles in the modulation of hunger.

● New theories focus on the neural circuits that pass through areas of the

hypothalamus rather than on anatomical centres in the brain.




Page 3

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