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Summary SLK 110 Chapter 14 Notes (University of Pretoria)

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  • Course
  • SLK 110
  • Institution
  • University Of Pretoria (UP)
  • Book
  • Psychology: Themes and Variations

The notes cover all the necessary information within Chapter 14 of the prescribed SLK/Psychology 110 textbook. The notes are able to provide the student with in-depth knowledge about the work in this chapter.

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  • Chapter 14
  • June 22, 2023
  • 45
  • 2022/2023
  • Summary

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  • univeristy of pretoria

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Chapter 14
SLK 110



General Concepts
● In this section, we will discuss

1. the medical model of abnormal behaviour.
2. The criteria of abnormal behaviour.
3. The classification of psychological disorders.


The Medical Model Applied to Abnormal Behaviour

● Medical model: Proposes that it is useful to think of abnormal behaviour as a

disease.

○ This point of view is the basis for many of the terms used to refer to

abnormal behaviour, including mental illness, psychological disorder and

psychopathology.

○ The medical model became the dominant way of thinking about abnormal

behaviour.

● Before the 18th century, most Western conceptions of abnormal behaviour were

based on superstition.

○ People who behaved strangely were thought to be possessed by demons, to

be witches working with the devil, or to be victims of God’s punishment.

○ The rise of the medical model brought improvements in the treatment of

those who showed abnormal behaviour.

○ Although living conditions in early asylums were often terrible, progress was

made toward more humane care of people who were mentally ill.

● It has recently suggested that the medical model may have outlived its usefulness.



1

, ○ Some critics are troubled because medical diagnoses of abnormal behaviour

place potentially insulting labels on people.

■ Carries a social stigma that can be difficult to shake off.

● These stereotypes promote distancing, disdain and rejection.

○ This prejudice is a significant source of stress for people who suffer mental

illness.

○ The stigma associated with psychological disorders prevents many people

from seeking the mental health care they need and could benefit from.

● The stigma associated with psychological disorders appears to be deeply rooted.

○ Many psychological disorders are at least partly attributable to genetic and

biological factors, making them appear more similar to physical illnesses,

which carry far less stigma.

■ Psychiatric disorders have increased.

○ Biogenetic explanations have also led to increased tendencies to view

psychological disorders as untreatable, and to view affected individuals as

unpredictable and dangerous, which has led to greater stigma.

● Medical concepts such as diagnosis, aetiology and prognosis have proven to be

valuable in the treatment and study of abnormality.

○ Diagnosis: Involves distinguishing one illness from another.

○ Aetiology: The apparent causation and developmental history of an illness.

○ Prognosis: A forecast about the probable course of an illness.

● These medically based concepts have widely shared meanings that allow clinicians,

researchers and the public to communicate more effectively in their discussions

about abnormal behaviour.




Page 2

,Criteria of Abnormal Behaviour

● When making a diagnosis, clinicians rely on a variety of criteria.

Deviance:

● Behaviour deviates from what their society considers acceptable.

● When people violate these standards and expectations, they may be labelled

mentally ill.

○ Eg. Transvestic fetishism is a sexual disorder in which a man achieves

sexual arousal by dressing in women’s clothing.

○ This behaviour is regarded as disordered because a man who wears a

dress, bra and stockings is deviating from our culture’s norms.

● The example shows how the idea of normality changes over time:

○ It may have been considered abnormal for a Western woman to wear

trousers in history, but today this is standard practice.

Maladaptive Behaviour:

● People are judged to have a psychological disorder because their everyday

adaptive behaviour is impaired.

○ This is the key criterion in the diagnosis of substance use (drug) disorders.

● The use of alcohol and drugs is not terribly unusual or deviant.

○ When the use of cocaine begins to interfere with a person’s social or

occupational functioning, a substance use disorder exists.




Page 3

, Personal Distress:

● The diagnosis of a psychological disorder is based on an individual’s report of

great personal distress.

● Usually the criterion is met by people who are troubled by depression or anxiety

disorders.

● People are usually labelled as having a disorder when they describe their personal

pain and suffering to friends, relatives and mental health professionals.


● 2 or 3 criteria may apply in a particular case, people often viewed as disordered

when 1 criterion is met.

● Diagnosis of psychological disorders involve value judgements about what

represents normal or abnormal behaviour.

○ These judgements reflect dominant cultural values, social trends and political

forces, as well as scientific knowledge.

● “Normal versus abnormal” and “mental health versus mental illness” imply that

people can be divided neatly into two distinct groups

○ In reality, it is often difficult to draw a line that clearly separates normality

from abnormality.

○ People are judged to have psychological disorders only when their behaviour

becomes extremely deviant, maladaptive or distressing.

○ Normality and abnormality exist on a spectrum.




Page 4

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