WSC 2022/2023 Science Latest Update 100% Solved

WSC 2022/2023 Science Latest Update 100% Solved If It's Broke, Fix It: Geoengineering Go Overwhelm!! Geoengineering he deliberate large-scale manipulation of an environmental process that affects the earth's climate to counteract the effects of global warming. Greenhouse gas Gases that warms Earth (ex: carbon, methane, ozone) carbon sequestration process of capturing and storing (removing) atmospheric carbon dioxide land-use planning system of laws for development of environment made by humans. biochar form of charcoal that is created by burning biomass with little access to Oxygen in a process known as pyrolyzation. biochar's benefit It is able to sequester (store) a large amount of Carbon from the biomass, which would normally be released as greenhouse gasses if the biomass was simply burnt. Biochar also is able to improve water quality, soil fertility, agricultural production, making them a lot useful. biomass plant or animal material used for energy production. enhanced weathering A method of getting rid of oceanic carbon dioxide by dissolving small rocks and minerals to the ocean which trap the CO2. Getting rid of oceanic CO2 in turn allows the ocean absorb more CO2 from the atmosphere. carbon dioxide capture A process of filtering out carbon dioxide before it leaves an industrial plant then burying it in the ground, an oil reserve or the ocean. ocean fertilization Dumping nutrients such as Iron Sulphates to accelerate phytoplankton growth, which absorbs CO2 then dies storing carbon. (However, the effect to ecosystem is unknown) ocean upwelling This method suggests a series of pipes are used to pump cold water up to the surface of the ocean, that will also increase phytoplankton growth solar radiation sunlight energy that reaches and heats up the earth two kinds of geoengineering SRM (Solar Radiation Management), CDR (Carbon Dioxide Removal) 1. Aerosol injection spraying aerosols high up into the stratosphere. natural process related with aerosol injection When a volcano erupts, it sends an ash cloud high into the atmosphere. The sulphur dioxide released in the plume combines with water to form sulfuric acid aerosols, which are able to reflect incoming sunlight. 2. Marine cloud brightening Adding more water to the clouds so that it will reflect more water. 3. High- albedo crops and buildings making all the crops and buildings white. (White color reflects lots of sunlight). Less risk, less impact. 4. Ocean Mirror using sea vessels to create tiny microbubbles at the ocean's surface which will reflect sunlights 5. Clouds thinning using drones to inject aerosol particles into cirrus clouds, resulting in them dissipating faster. cirrus clouds thin wispy clouds that actually absorb more energy than they release 6. Space sunshades sending a giant mirror - or fleet of mirrors - into orbit in order to reflect away more sunlight from the Earth. albedo A measure of how much light that hits a surface is reflected rather than absorbed. ice-albedo feedback the idea that the more polar ice that melts, less sunlight is reflected from said ice and the earth warms faster as a result making the warming effect snowball desert reflectors placing half of the Earth's desert with mirrors, or some form of reflective sheet on the surface of the Earth. Cheaper than other methods. By Takayuki Toyama and Alan Stainer. cool roof putting reflective materials on the tops of buildings and cars increasing albedo, making local temperatures colder sunshield a component of the James Webb Space Telescope, designed to shield the main optics from the Sun's heat and light.. (James Webb Space Telescope --) Mt. Pinatubo A volcano in the Philippines which erupted in 1991. The eruption released ash and aerosols that reflect sunlight into the atmosphere which cooled the earth globally by 0.5C for a few years Arctic methane release a concern that as the arctic pole melts, methane (a potent greenhouse gas) trapped in the ice will be released and cause temperatures to rise quicker externalities the unforeseen effects of something which is not reflected by economic impact. trade-offs where you give up one thing that you desire in order to receive another desirable thing termination effect the issue of geoengineering that if a method were to be abruptly stopped, the temperature of the earth would rapidly warm reversibility how easy we can back out of a method of geoengineering or if it's set in stone encapsulation In the context of geoengineering, this means whether it will enclose around, or affect the entire world hygroscopic cloud seeding a method of cloud seeding where salts are added to clouds in warm areas which make them rain Glaciogenic cloud seeding cloud seeding on colder clouds, with the particles instead acting as points around which ice can accumulate, causing snow. fog harp a device which pulls the moisture out of the air bioprecipitation The idea that bacteria can create snow in clouds at warmer temperatures in the air (Side effects: bacteria damaging crops) cloudbuster a device designed by Wilhelm Reich (a psychoanalyst) in 1877 that could supposedly cause rain by manipulating 'Orgone Energy' present in the atmosphere. hail cannon large metal cones that create shockwaves every 1 - 10 seconds, supposedly turning the forming hailstones within a 100m square around the cone into rain / slush. There is no proof that this works. (hail--) UN's Environmental Modification Convention During Vietnam war, U.S. millitary tried to extend monsoon season to make the situation advantageous for them by cloud seeding. This caused the formation of the UN Environmental Modification Convention in 1977, which bans nations from modifying the dynamics, composition or structure of the Earth for military purposes. (some countries didn't sign) House Hunters 3000: A User's Guide to Settling the Stars You finished geoengineering part! Now let's explore next part about space. FTL Faster Than Light (travel) -in order to explore space hyperspace A fictional idea of something exists out of space -we may be able to travel FTL. warp speed A fictional idea that comes from having an extremely powerful propulsion system that can make you faster than light. wormholes portals from one part of the universe to the other. Are sometimes theorized to be what's through a black hole solar sail Solar sails work in a similar way to regular sails; they're slowly accelerated by the force of light from the sun, but are able to reach very high speeds. Goldilocks zone The area near a star that has a suitable climate for the survival of life exoplanets planets outside of our solar system exomoons a moon of exoplanets Kepler 186f An earth like planet found by Elisa Quintana which is in the habitable zone of a red dwarf 582 light years away. superhabitable planet planets that are more inhabitable than Earth Super-earth An extrasolar planet with a mass higher than Earth's, but substantially below the mass of the Solar System's ice giants Uranus and Neptune. interplanetary contamination concern of biological contamination of a planetary body, in either direction Space mirrors theoretical technology that allows terraforming of specific locations on planets by focussing sunlight onto a particular area, heating it up and making it more habitable. shell worlds A proposed method of colonizing other planets where we encase them in artificial shells to create ideal conditions that way. artificial magnetospheres A method proposed by NASA to reduce toxic solar radiation on Mars by giving it a very powerful magnet which will be able to bounce it back. Atmosphere Thickening / Removal to make Earth or other planet habitable nitrogen importation A method for accessing nitrogen (essential for plant life) on other planets by bringing it from shipping rockets as opposed to mining and synthesizing it on the planet. extremeophiles Organisms that can live in very extreme environments. Theoretically, they could be used on other planets to terraform or change a harsh environment so it is easier for human to colonize Outer Space Treaty An international agreement, that bans the introduction of military weapons into outer space, prohibited the extension of national sovereignty in space, and encouraged cooperation and sharing of information about space research. MarsOne A company that claimed it was going to send the first astronaut to Mars in 2024 but later it proved to be a big media hoax and declared bankruptcy in February 2019 Lagrange point positions in space between two celestial bodies (such as the Sun and the Earth) where a small object can orbit in an exact pattern, because the forces of gravity and the centripetal force cancels out. biocentrism idea that something alive with consciousness (thinking) created everything else. planetary protection A guiding principle of outer space missions which tries to limit biological contamination from and to other planets Artemis Project a moon landing project that aims to put 'the first woman and the next man' on the moon by 2024. space tourism A hypothetical scenario where space travel is commercialized. Dyson sphere a hypothetical mega structure with the purpose of harvesting all of the energy from the sun. generation ship a spaceship that will take multiple human generations to get to its destination human stasis An idea floated by NASA where crew of space missions far away will spend their time in a deeeep sleep while they are traveling for long periods of time to and from the planet. **Kardashev scale A measure of how advanced a civilization is based on how much energy they can harness. There are 3 levels, planetary, stellar and galaxy each respectively related to being able to use all the energy from the given area. Some modifications to the scale add other levels like 0, 4 and 5 referring to subglobal, universal and multiversal amounts of energy respectively What Would Noah Do? Coping Mechanisms as the Waters Rise Next part~~ Afsluitdijk a dike (basically a dam to the sea) that was built in 1927, and has helped to protect the low-lying nation of the Netherlands from rising sea levels. wildlife connectivity corridors suggested method used to connect together currently inhabited areas that may become uninhabitable due to rising temperatures to new, inhabitable areas. Dubai efforts to become green city underwater cities literally means cities underwater Concluding Questions Finally!!! carrying capacity the largest population that a given environment is able to support. Ecomodernism belief that 'humanity must shrink its impact on the environment to make room for nature' but rejects the idea that 'human societies must harmonise with nature to avoid economic and ecological collapse.' THE END!!!!!!!!! Well done OVERWHELM