Summary

Summary Biology (12th grade): Biochemistry unit

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Course
Biology

Institution
12th Grade

This set of notes condenses the key ideas for the biochemistry unit for 12th grade biology! Covering topics like Cell Compounds, Biological Molecules (carbohydrates), Proteins, Lipids, Recombinate DNA, Replication of DNA, Homeostasis, and so much more, it will definitely be beneficial studying for ...

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Uploaded on July 12, 2023
Number of pages 7
Written in 2022/2023
Type Summary

Institution Secondary school
Education 12th Grade
Course Biology
School year 1

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Atoms= single particles
Molecules= neutral particles
made of 2+ atoms
Oxygen= 8p + 8n
Cell Compounds: Hydrogen= 1p

Organic compounds: water
- Always contain carbon and hydrogen (usually large molecules) o covalentbo
- Associated with living things large
- Have covalent bonds (sharing electrons between atoms)electron
- ex. Protein, fat , and nucleic acid (DNA) withatoms at th o
BEDNA
Inorganic compounds: hydrogen
t th
- usually mental/nonmetal combination of atoms (small molecules)
- Usually connected by ion bonds (transfer oﬀ electrons between ions)electronswitnions
- ex. Water
Water (H2O):
- inorganic (no Carbon) — 2 hydrogen, 1 oxygenH2O
- Polar molecule: molecule where one end is more positive and the other is more negative
- Covalent bond: mutual sharing between 1 or more pairs of electrons between 2 atoms
- Polar covalent bonding: atoms are shared unequally in a covalent bond
- The oxygen atom has a slightly negative charge and the hydrogen atoms cary a slightly
positive charge— results in unequal sharing of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen
atoms
m
- hydrogen bond: a hydrogen atom (+) is joined to another atom with a partial negative charge
- Water can form hydrogen bonds
Hptatom
Water Characteristics:
1. A solvent
- able to dissolve a wide range of substances (polarity of the water will break ionic bonds)
- NaCl (Salt) will attract water molecules to break it down into Na+ ions and Cl- ions =
break down salt
9 19
- Sugars (carbohydrates) also dissolve in water breakdown
- Used in digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
- Used in many of the Bodies’ metabolic chemical reactions digestion
2. Stick together (cohesive)
- hydrogen atoms of one water molecule are attracted to the oxygen atoms of another waterHstickswitho
molecule
- Allows water to stick together and become a good transport medium (aka blood)
HydrogenBond
3. Has a high heat capacity
- water can absorb a large amount of heat before the temp of the water will go up
- Body can absorb a lot of heat energy without raising the body temp
4. A lubricant
- ex. Fluid in your joints will prevent bones/cartilage from rubbing togetherpreventsrubbing
Water nad pH:
- pH= how acidic/basic a solution is (solution is something that dissolves in water)
- PH is between 1-14 (7- is acidic, 7+ is basic) Blood is 7.4
- Magnitude/intensity increases by a factor of 10 1 14
- acids release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water (ACIDIC- ex.hydrochloric acid)
- Bases releases hydroxide ions when dissolved in water (BASIC- ex.sodium hydroxide)
117133 10
in water hydrogen hydrochloricacid
hydroxide sodiumhydroxide

, - Buﬀers: chemicals that maintain constant pH
- ex. Bicarbonate Ion (HCO3-) — if blood is too acidic, the hydrogen ion is picked up
and removed by the bicarbonate ion HCO3- + H+ = H2CO3
- An average person is able to survive 3 days without water
HO t Ht 42603
ASICBUILDING Biological Molecules: (carbohydrates)
Ockglucose
Carbohydrates:
-
nergysource carbohydrates are organic compounds containing carbon(C), Hydrogen(H), and oxygen(O)
- Formula: CH20 (commonly called sugars) CHO organic
storage
Carbohydrate Functions:
ofcarbs 1. Energy source/energy store for most cells
bread - ex. glycogen is a long term energy storage in animals glycogen animals
rice - ex. Starch is a long term energy storage in plants
noodles
starch plants
2. Structural support in plants
µ - ex. cellulose polysaccaride chemicalmade
Glucose monomer polymer
Types of Carbohydrate: basicbuildingblock ofmanymono
1. Monosaccaride- 1 sugar molecule (building blocks) for
manycarbohydrate Mersjoined
grg - ex. Glucose, ribose, galactose
6641206
together
2. Disaccharide- 2 sugar molecules joined together
SIM - ex. Sucrose, lactose, maltose
3. Polysaccharide- 2+ sugar molecules joined together (usually long chains of
gcs monosaccharide)
- ex. (A) Glycogen — in the liver of animals (main chain has many side branches)
- ex. (B) Cellulose — in plants for structural purposes (simple straight chain of
monosaccharide)
- ex. (C) Starch — in the roots/seeds of plants for energy (main chan has a few side
chains)

Building Up:
- most organic molecules are formed form smaller units called monomers
- ex. Glucose
- monomers are joined together to form polymers through chemical reactions among the
smaller units
- Biological reactions— when 2 smaller molecules are joined together, 1 molecule gives oﬀ an
“H” and the other molecule gives oﬀ an “OH” (join together to form water) tho H2O
- when water’s formed as the result of the joining of 2 diﬀerent biological
monomer molecules, a dehydration synthesis reaction has occurred
Polymer
takingwaterout make biggermolecule 2
to a 1 1
Breaking Apart: adding watertobreak a
- When a large polymer is broken apart into its monomers, water’s used
polymer - “H” will join to one of the monomers and “OH” will join with the other monomer moleculeinto 2 211 1
monomer - Reaction where water is used to break apart a polymer is called hydrolysis
Dehydrationsynthesis
to ortho ortho on
a Httlostlzo
g
Glucose
carbohydgate thot
p p op p µ a
dd n't wat
H
I III
0 0 0 0 H
o c g p
c
c
Hydrolysis tho HtOH
H HHH on ne o
OH o ortho
Ho on to on

of water

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