100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Previously searched by you
Previously searched by you
logo
Extended Essay on Global Politics CA$6.86   Add to cart
Quickly navigate to
Preview
  2.  
  3. Sixth Year / 12th Grade
  4.  
  5. Global Politics

Exam (elaborations)

Extended Essay on Global Politics
 51 views  1 purchase
  • Course
  • Global Politics
  • Institution
  • Sixth Year / 12th Grade

This is an IB Extended Essay on the Global Politics subject. The Research Question is “How has the European Union’s Schengen Agreement been challenged by the Refugee Crisis of 2015?”. This essay scored full marks in 2021.

Preview 5 out of 22  pages

Document information

  • July 24, 2023
  • 22
  • 2022/2023
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

Subjects

  • extended essay
  • global politics
  • schengen area
  • european union
  • refugee crisis
  • liberalism
  • realism
  • hungary
  • germany
  • greece
  • ee
  • ib
  • eu

Written for

  • Secondary school
  • Global Politics
  • 5
All documents for this subject (2)

Seller

avatar-seller
yy3195

Reviews received

Content preview

Challenges on the EU’s Schengen Agreement forced by the

Refugee Crisis of 2015



Research Question: “How has the European Union’s

Schengen Agreement been challenged by the Refugee Crisis of

2015?”



Subject: Global Politics

, Page 1


Total word count: 3983




Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................2

2. THEORETICAL CONTEXT: LIBERALISM AND REALISM.....................................................................3

3. SCHENGEN AGREEMENT AND CURRENT ATTITUDES OF THE MEMBER STATES TOWARDS IT ........5

5. THE THREAT TO EXTERNAL EU-BORDER STATES. CASE-STUDY GREECE.........................................8

5.1. THE DUBLIN REGULATIONS FAILURE..................................................................................................8
5.2. THE GREEK REFUGEE CRISIS..........................................................................................................10

6. POLARIZED POLICIES IN THE MEMBER STATES............................................................................11

6.1. HUNGARY.................................................................................................................................11
6.2. GERMANY.................................................................................................................................14

7. WHITE PAPER ON THE FUTURE OF THE SCHENGEN AGREEMENT................................................16

8. CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................17

BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................................................18

, Page 2




1. Introduction

Throughout history, millions of people have moved across the world to escape political

oppression, war, and poverty, reunite with family, or for economic and educational reasons.1

However, in 2015 history repeated its worst –the biggest wave of migration since World War

II- the Refugee Crisis.2 Since the beginning of the Arab Spring in 2011, North Africa, and

especially the Middle East are overwhelmed by terror and violence that peaked in 2015, with

War in Syria being the hot spot of the destabilization.3 The horror of everyday life in the

oppressed territories has turned civilians away from their homes, leaving to seek a better

future elsewhere. And Europe became the main destination for the people seeking refuge.

However, the functioning of the Schengen Agreement is under threat as external and internal

borders are influenced daily. And management of these borders is incoherent due-to lack of

solidarity between the Member States. 4At the same time, it reflects the deep lack of ability of

the European authorities to introduce coherent policies with the respect to fundamental rights

and individual dignity.The essay will analyse the question of: “How has the European

Union’s Schengen Agreement been challenged by the Refugee Crisis of 2015?”. The Refugee

crisis of 2015 has challenged the Schengen Agreement by polarizing nations into 2

international policies: liberal, calling for further opening and welcoming the millions of


1
Keyword Analysis & Research: Migration crisis definition. (n.d.). Retrieved September 14, 2020, from
https://www.au-e.com/search/migration-crisis-definition

2
75 years of major refugee crises around the world. (n.d.). Retrieved October 04, 2020, from
https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/world/historical-migrant-crisis/

3
Directorate-General for Communication (European Commission). (2019, September 16). Migration and
asylum. Retrieved September 15, 2020, from https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/43aa8096-
d833-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en/format-PDF/source-164315333

4
Buttin, T. (2018, April 18). The Schengen crisis: A failure. Retrieved September 01, 2020, from
https://www.thenewfederalist.eu/the-schengen-crisis-a-failure?lang=fr

, Page 3


refugees as a response to the humanitarian crisis; and realist, such as the Visegrád group, who

continue to reintroduce border controls for national sake – the two perspectives and initial

lack of support to the External-border states cause a collapse of mutual trust and compliance,

which are the foundation of the European Union and the Schengen Agreement. Now, the

Schengen is “partly in coma” (Jean Claude Junker, 2015) due-to unwillingness to cooperate

and share responsibility. 5 Together with right-wing populists and the threat of extremism, the

crisis can lead to the collapse of the Schengen Agreement. 6 The consequences may be

detrimental up to the loss of economic freedom and freedom of movement for every

European citizen.



2. Theoretical context: Liberalism and Realism

Events of the last 100 years have led the world to come closer and use the power of many as a

part of new political theory of liberalism to escape war, struggle, and death of the previous

years. 7 At the beginning of the 20th century, liberalism appeared with its main thesis:

convergence of states interests, foreign policy in agreement with moral values, international

law as the most effective instrument of peace, and international organizations as the main

instrument of stabilization. To manage these complex ideas states have come together in

implementing a mechanism of World Governance. This movement is a part of liberal political

prism, which drives together diverse actors and range of organizations as intermediary bodies

to bring collective actions. These ideas are claiming that a more interdependent world will




5
June, W. (n.d.). Schengen in permanent crisis: Will the EU's 'coma patient' ever awake again? Retrieved
July 24, 2020, from https://www.eyes-on-europe.eu/schengen-crisis/

6
Adler, K. (2018, June 27). Europe's migration crisis: Could it finish the EU? Retrieved August 15, 2020,
from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-4463247

7
Heywood, A. (2014). Global politics. Houndmills, Basingstoke Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.

, Page 4


lead to peace. 8

The only example of a world governance— the closest thing to liberalism the world has ever

seen is the EU. 9 EU springs from the idea of interdependence. Being a supranational

institution, it involves multiple governmental and non-governmental bodies to articulate

public interests and of the EU community as a whole. Member states take on collective

decisions on matters that will affect each country’s citizens; use different institutional

frameworks and decision-making mechanisms in areas such as Eurozone, foreign policy,

justice, and freedom of movement as a part of the Schengen Agreement. Compliance and

trust are the foundation of supranational organization EU, therefore states actions have to be

coherent and approved by the Union. 10 By signing membership in the Schengen Agreement,

countries have given up part of their sovereign rights to the European Council, such as the

existence of border checks, national entry conditions, or visa requirements. Europe, however,

is an exception and much of the world is far from international rules and interdependent

norms. 11

Realists, such as Loriaux, on the other hand, come to say that “The commitment to European

Union is an affair of realist prudence born of skepticism” (Loriaux,1999), mainly meaning

that the EU ideal is unreal. Realists of international politics assume that states are the main

actors in the international system.12 Realists believe in few core tenets: anarchic structure of

the world order, nation states as the primary actor and self-help and survival as the primary


8
Wonicki, R. (1970, January 01). Political Idealism. Retrieved September 18, 2020, from
https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5_767

9
Heywood, A. (2014). Global politics. Houndmills, Basingstoke Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.

10
Heywood, A. (2014). Global politics. Houndmills, Basingstoke Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.

11
Anonymous. (2016, December 06). Schengen Area. Retrieved September 17, 2020, from
https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-visas/schengen_en

12
Rynning, S. (2015, January). Return of the jedi : Realism and the study of the european union. Retrieved
September 05, 2020, from https://www.cairn.info/revue-politique-europeenne-2005-3-page-10.htm

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller yy3195. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for CA$6.86. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

81531 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
CA$6.86  1x  sold
  • (0)
  Add to cart