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Summary Epidemiology
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Public Health - the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organized efforts in society Model for public health - -definition of the problem -magnitude of the problem -identification & understanding determinants -develop medical or behavioral ...

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  • August 3, 2023
  • 18
  • 2023/2024
  • Summary

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EPIDEMIOLOGY SUMMARY AND QUESTION




Public Health - the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through
organized efforts in society



Model for public health - -definition of the problem

-magnitude of the problem

-identification & understanding determinants

-develop medical or behavioral interventions/ prevention strategies (recommendation)

-set policy or public health priorities

-implement and evaluate



Surveillance - tracking of a disease



Epidemiology - the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in
specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems



Objectives of epidemiology - -identify the causes of disease (etiology)

-study of the natural history and prognosis

-determine the overall size of the problem in the community (prevalence) or measure how quickly it is
growing in the community (incidence)



Uses of Epidemiology evidence - 1. changing patterns of community health

2. developing and evaluating prevention programs

3. clinical practice



Changing patterns of disease - -epidemiologic shift

-infectious to chronic

,Prevention - -identification of high risk groups

*define how and why they are high-risk and potentially modify those factors before they acquire the
disease

*direct preventative measures to those high-risk groups most likely to benefit



types of prevention - *primary->prior to the disease occurring->vaccines

*secondary->early detection of existing disease to reduce severity and complications->screening, breast
exams

*tertiary->reducing impact of disease, no cure->rehab



Clinical practice - -the practice of medicine, although focused on one patient, is dependent of
population data

*diagnosis and screening

*prognosis

*selection of therapy



U.S. preventative task force - -recommendations on effectiveness of clinical preventative services for
those without symptoms

-recommendations based on evidence of both the benefits and harms and an assessment of balance

-recognizes clinical decisions involve more considerations than evidence alone

*clinicians should understand evidence but make decisions for the specific patient

*notes that policy and coverage decisions involve other considerations



Characteristics of epidemiology - -primarily a quantitative methodology that includes reasoning

-can be considered a basic science of public health

*biostats also shares these characteristics



What influences transmission? - 1. Interaction between host and agent, environment, and vector

2. mode of disease transmission

3. distribution of the severity of disease in the community

, 4. level of disease-to-immunity in the community



epidemiologic triad - interaction between host, agent, vector and the environment



modes of transmission - ways by which disease is passed within a community



Types of transmission - 1. direct-person to person contact

2. indirect-common vehicle, (single, multiple, continuous exposure), vector



Mode of transmission: Maternal to child - -vertical transmission of disease causing agents from mother
to child during:

*pregnancy, delivery or just after birth

*breastfeeding

*infections

-ALL OTHER TRANSMISSIONS ARE HORIZONTAL



Severity of disease and distribution - -ways to measure the impact of disease spread may only capture
those diseases that are apparent, and may underestimate the potential



Iceberg Concept -



Level of immunity - achieving high rates of immunity to a disease may alter disease spread in a
community



Herd immunity - the resistance of a group of people to an attack by a disease to which a large
proportion of the members of the group are immune



assumptions of herd immunity - -probability of an infected person encountering every other individual
in the population is the same (random mixing)

*some degree of variation for normal behavior still allows this assumption to hold true

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