Exam (elaborations)

PSL300 Test 2| 220 Questions| With Complete Solutions

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PSL300

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PSL300

Hormones correct answer: Peptide, amide, and steroid hormones are the three major classes. Hydrophilic Hormones correct answer: Water soluble, cannot cross plasma membranes. Includes peptide hormones, protein hormones, and catecholamines Hydrophobic Hormones correct answer: Not water solub...

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PSL300 Test 2| 220 Questions| With
Complete Solutions
Hormones correct answer: Peptide, amide, and steroid
hormones are the three major classes.

Hydrophilic Hormones correct answer: Water soluble, cannot
cross plasma membranes. Includes peptide hormones, protein
hormones, and catecholamines

Hydrophobic Hormones correct answer: Not water soluble,
need a carrier protein to travel in blood, can cross plasma
membrane. Includes steroid and thyroid hormones.

Secretion of Hydrophilic Hormones correct answer: Exocytosis,
synthesized in advance.

Secretion of Hydrophobic Hormones correct answer: Can leak
out, synthesized on demand. Released by diffusion then bound
to a carrier protein.

Peptide Hormones correct answer: Composed of three or more
amino acids. Hydrophilic, and includes insulin. Made in
advance, stored in vesicles, released on signal. Relatively short
half-life.

Steroid Hormones correct answer: Derived from Cholesterol,
sex hormones, and cortisol. Bulky, and made on demand.
Depends on the enzymes in a certain cell. Long half-life +

,diffuse into cells by diffusion or by carrier proteins. Bind to the
nucleus and in the cytoplasm.

Amine Hormones correct answer: Derived from single amino
acids. Hydrophilic, catecholamines, thyroxine. Synthesized from
tryptophan or tyrosine. Tryptophan derivatives include
melatonin which behaves like a peptide or steroid, and tyrosine
derivatives include catecholamines which behave like peptides,
or thyroid hormones which behave like steroids.

Prohormone correct answer: Undergoes cleavage and
processing to become active peptide. A single prohormone can
contain multiple copies of a hormone or a few different active
molecules. Depend on specific proteolytic processing enzymes.

Insulin Processing correct answer: Proinsulin has several
disulfide bonds holding it together. The C peptide is cleaved to
produce the final molecule (still with the disulfide bonds).

Melatonin correct answer: Synthesized from the pineal gland,
known as the darkness hormone. Secreted at night and transmits
information about light-dark cycles to govern the biological
clock + control circadian rhythm. Potentially a therapy for other
things. Anti-oxidant.

Tyrosine Derivatives correct answer: In adrenal glands, this will
be epinephrine, and in neural tissues, it will be dopamine and
norepinephrine. In thyroid tissues, T3 and T4 will be made.

,Catecholamines correct answer: Synthesized in adrenal medulla
(cytosol), stored in vesicles prior to release, has a long synthesis
process. Water soluble, binds to membrane receptors.

How are hormones released (ex. Insulin)? correct answer:
Metabolite, other hormones, neurohormone, neurotransmitter,
etc. Rising glucose levels will stimulate the pancreatic B cells to
release insulin.

How does stimuli trigger hormones? correct answer: Change
membrane potential, increase cytosolic Ca2+, change enzymatic
activity, increase transport of hormone substrates into the cell,
alter transcription of genes coding for hormones, promote
survival of endocrine cells.

Insulin release correct answer: Increased glucose binding to
GLUT2 receptors starts a signaling cascade that increases the
amount of ATP inside the cell (compared to ADP). This inhibits
the potassium channel, which depolarizes the cell, changing the
membrane potential. Then the voltage gated calcium channel
open + vesicles are released.

Hypothalamic pituitary axis correct answer: Hormones released
by other hormones. Often, the hypothalamus sends a hormone to
the anterior pituitary, which then secretes its own hormone that
goes to the target in the body. Negative feedback turns off both
the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus.

Posterior Pituitary correct answer: Releases hormones, but not
an endocrine gland. Comes from neural tissue.

, Anterior Pituitary correct answer: An endocrine gland in the
brain, releases several hormones.

Synergistic effects correct answer: Hormones working together
to release a larger than additive effect. Greater than expected

Permissive effects correct answer: One hormone enhances the
target organ's response to a second later hormone

Antagonistic effects correct answer: One hormone opposes the
action of another

Receptor Proteins correct answer: Large proteins, usually
belong to a family, can have multiple receptors for one ligand,
or multiple ligands for a receptor, variable number, can be
activated or inhibited, located on membrane, nucleus, and
cytosol. They are saturable! High affinity for specific ligand,
binding is reversible process.

Hormone binds to receptor, what next? correct answer: Changes
conformation + activity of receptor. Alters activity of
intracellular signaling pathways. Leads to change in synthesis of
target proteins (slow) or modification of existing target proteins
(fast).

Types of receptors correct answer: Intracellular: binds lipid
soluble hormones, located on nucleus or cytoplasm + has
genomic effects.
Plasma membrane receptors: bind lipid insoluble hormones,
located on membrane. Includes G-protein coupled receptors,

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