Exam 5: Multiple Sclerosis Questions and Correct Solutions Rated A+

Precipitating Possible ________ factors to MS include infection, smoking, physical injury, emotional stress, excessive fatigue, pregnancy, and a poor state of health T The primary neuropathologic condition is an autoimmune process orchestrated by activated ____ cells Demyelination After the activation of T cells, subsequent antigen-antibody reactions within the CNS activates the inflammatory response and leads to the _____________ of axons Remission During initial attacks on the myelin sheaths, the patient may complain of a noticeable impairment of function. However, myelin can regenerate. When it does, symptoms disappear and the patient experiences a _________ Oligodendrocyes As ongoing inflammation occurs, nearby _____________ are affected, and myelin loses the ability to regenerate. Plaques As inflammation subsides, glial scar tissue replaces damaged tissue, leading to the formation of hard, sclerotic ___________ Blindness Clinical Manifestations Blurred or double vision, red-green color distortion, or even __________ in one eye may be the first symptom experienced by a person with MS Lhermitte's Clinical Manifestations ___________ sign is a transient sensory symptom described as an electric shock radiating down the spine into the limbs with flexion of the neck Constipation Incontinence Clinical Manifestations Problems with defecation usually involve _________ rather than fecal _____________ Spastic Clinical Manifestations A common urinary problem in patients is a ______ bladder. As a result, the bladder has a small capacity for urine, and its contractions are unchecked. The result is urinary urgency and frequency, often accompanied by dribbling or incontinence Flaccid Clinical Manifestations A ________ or hypotonic bladder indicates a lesion in the reflex arc controlling bladder function Cognitive Clinical Manifestations About half of the people with MS experience problems with _______ function. These include difficulties with short-term memory, attention, information processing, planning, visual perception, and word-finding Relapsing-Remitting Patterns of MS (4) Clearly defined attacks of worsening neurologic function with partial or complete recovery Primary-Progressive Patterns of MS (4) Steadily worsening neurologic function from the beginning with minor improvements but no distinct relapses or remissions Secondary-Progressive Patterns of MS (4) A relapsing-remitting initial course, followed by progression with or without occasional relapses, minor remissions, and plateaus Progressive-Relapsing Patterns of MS (4) Progressive disease from onset, with clear acute relapses, with or without full recovery. Periods between relapses are characterized by continuing progression Infectious Clinical Manifestations Death usually occurs due to ____________ complications of immobility or because of unrelated disease MRI Diagnostic Studies An _______ of the brain and spinal cord may show plaques, inflammation, atrophy, and tissue breakdown and destruction Cerebrospinal Fluid Diagnostic Studies An analysis of this fluid may show an increase in immunoglobulin G and the presence of oligoclonal banding Two Ruled Diagnostic Studies To be diagnosed with MS, the patient must have: 1. evidence of at least _____ inflammatory demyelinating lesions in at least two different locations within the CNS 2. Damage or an attack occurring at different times 3 All other possible diagnoses ______ out