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Lecture Notes BB I TB2 L3
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  • Course
  • Brain And Behaviour I (PSY00002C)
  • Institution
  • The University Of York (UOY)

This is a well-rounded lecture summary of "How does Alzheimer's disease affect psychological functioning?” lecture in the Second Teaching Block in the Brain and Behaviour module, Year 1. The collection of notes form both the slides provided before the lecture and the actual lecture. It contai...

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Document information

  • August 26, 2023
  • 2
  • 2021/2022
  • Class notes
  • Beth jefferies
  • All classes

Subjects

  • alzheimer
  • disease
  • psychology
  • psychological
  • functioning
  • brain and behaviour
  • first year
  • university of york

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  • The University of York (UOY)
  • Unknown
  • Brain And Behaviour I (PSY00002C)
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3. How does Alzheimer's disease affect psychological functioning?

1. Episodic memory (remembering recent events) - Atrophy in medial temporal lobes
o The earliest signs of AD are often forgetfulness and inability to remember recent events. In moderate
AD, people also show disorientation and wandering – might be linked to atrophy of the hippocampus.
o Hippocampus (memory for events) embedded within the temporal lobes, one each hemisphere.
o Memory in Alzheimer’s disease
 Recall: you have to find a way of ‘finding’ the relevant memory traces
 Recognition: seeing the item again acts as a potent cue
 Deficit for both recall and recognition in early AD
 AD damages formation of memory traces themselves; it is not just a problem with retrieval (i.e.,
finding the information)
e.g., Greene, Baddeley & Hodges, 1996, Neuropsychologia, 34, 537-551
o Backman et al. (2001) Brain, 124, 96-102
 Method: Repeated free recall (FR) and recognition (RN) with >100 older adults
 Picked out those who developed dementia
 Looked at performance 3 and 6 years before diagnosis of dementia
 Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) - Whitwell et al. (2007)
Brain, 130, 1777-86.
- Brain volume differences compared with healthy controls.
- Shrinkage in anterior, inferior, and medial temporal lobes
(including hippocampus) before diagnosis.
- Pattern of atrophy and neuropsychology both suggest
episodic memory deficits at early stages of AD
- The hippocampus is in the medial temporal lobe. What does
“medial” mean? Deep inside the temporal lobe
o Types of memory
 Episodic memory for events: e.g., “Megan’s birthday last weekend”
 Semantic memory: factual knowledge

2. Semantic memory and language (understanding and producing words) - Atrophy in anterior
temporal and inferior frontal cortex
o The left hemisphere is dominant for most aspects of language processing (in most people).
o Anterior temporal lobe (front part) and the inferior frontal lobe (lower part) are important for
understanding and producing words. Atrophy here produces semantic and language deficits in AD.
o Semantic memory involves processing meanings.
o Which of these tasks is NOT semantic? Knowing which of two numbers is bigger
o Category fluency task
 Vocabulary shrinkage, with greater loss of harder words – i.e., words that are used
less often, and that are learned later in life. [Forbes-McKay, K. E., Ellis, A. W.,
Shanks, M. F., & Venneri, A. (2005). Neuropsychologia, 43, 1625-1632.]
 Impaired object naming correlates with cortical thinning in the left anterior
temporal lobe in AD.
 Same region damaged in semantic dementia
o Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
 Inhibitory TMS to the anterior temporal lobes disrupt semantic tasks, in line with the deficits of
patients with dementia – e.g., specific object naming but not reasing numbers (Pobric et al., 2007)
o Why are TMS studies a bit like neuropsychology? Both methods allow causal conclusions

3. Controlling thought and behaviour - Atrophy in frontal cortex - Effects on personality
o The frontal lobes are especially important for controlling thought and behaviour
(“executive function”).
o AD patients have trouble concentrating, making decisions, and planning
complex actions.

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