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Summary Chemistry of Solutions
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The document consists of the differences between solution, solvent, solute, and molarity. How to calculate mass percent and molarity. Explains how ionic compounds are dissolved. Explains the relationship between water and nonpolar substances. Describes electrical conductivity in solutions. Shows th...

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  • August 31, 2023
  • 11
  • 2022/2023
  • Summary

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Acid Base -


Equilibria Summary

Arrhenius Definition Of Acids Bronsiead -

use water




Hclcaq) →
H⑦caq] +
(1%9)
Hczltzozcaq)→ H cage 1-
(21--1302%4)

Arrhenius Definition of Bases water
A- → It
+
ions prod in water :
Ha -
☐ *
+
+ c,
-




-
don't have
- -




B → OH ions produced in water :
LIOH → Li -1+01-1




Strong Bases all in first column



Ampnolerism depends on strength of molecule
-




Weak Acid → Conjugate Base - unable
to accept proton
from water
strong Acid → conjugate Base every weak)
-




weak Base → Weak Acids



Structurally Characterizing different types of Acids and Bases :




Acid Halides H -

X
Oxyacids H carboxy / Acids
-
H Cl-

R -
O o

/ H -
F H -
o
- H
Y -
/
H

Hand H
1 o
-
H Rr Hzo -
O 2
regular
-




H -
I O o
element "
¥+0 " ,
"a -
or
① of \o/ Hzc


Mono and poly protic
-
Acids

In order to correctly predict acid-base reaction stoichiometry ,
it is

critical to understand how many can be donated

monoprotic acid 1 acidic proton HF.HCI.HBr.HN03
diprotic acid 2 acidic proton 1-12504 , 11-2503,11-203,11-2404
tripotic acid 3 acidic proton 11-31704,11-3 As 04,11-31303
Poly 32

, Hzsoy [strongly acidic proton ]

Ka ,
-
- 1×103 1st acidic proton is strongly acidic
end
Ka , =
1.2×103 2 acidic
proton is weakly acidic
→
Has 04 is poly protic strong acid
↳ for all other poly pro tics all acidic protons are consider'd weakly
acids l 2 or 3




Monobasic -
can accept 1 proton
Dibasic -

can accept 2 proton
Tribasic -


can accept 3 proton


Amphotericin [autoionization :
amphoteric substance tend

eg NH to ionize themselves to some degree
}
if
.



H o -
µ
,

eg Alcohol Hz C
-
C -
H
.



\
CH
} has acidic protons acts
/
09 Water -
the most important amphoteric has lone pairs




Protons exchanged between some water molecules
are to generate a


small amount of hydroxide and hydronium ions .




Bron
steady
'




HOH ,, , + HOH a)→ Hzo Each + OH can
Lowry

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