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Résumé Chapitre 3 Atomistique (BAC +1 -SMPC)
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Chapitre 3 Atomistique (BAC +1 -SMPC)
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Chap 3 : Modèle quantique de l’atome.• Mécanique Quantique • Mécanique Classique
• Corps microscopiques • Corps macroscopiques
– Électron – Voiture
– Boson …… – Objet visible
Mouvement Ondulatoire
E2
hn
E1
hn = DE = E2 – E1
,1) Dualité onde-corpuscule.
Expérience de Lenard
, 2) Postulat de Louis de Broglie (1892 – 1987)
En s’appuyant sur les idées de Fresnel et de Maxwell (Théorie des ondes),
Louis de Broglie associa en 1924, à toute particule en mouvement, une onde telle
que : h m = masse de la particule
v = vitesse de déplacement de la particule.
mv p = mv : quantité de mouvement
Noyau
électron
Vision ponctuelle Vision ondulatoire
3) Principe d’incertitude de Heisenberg.
Il est impossible de connaître simultanément
(en même temps) et avec précision la position (x)
et la quantité de mouvement (p) d’une particule en
mouvement. Tout ce que l’on peut savoir c’est :
Lorsque l'on cherche à améliorer la
h h
DpDx précision de la position, on dégrade la
2 2
mesure de la vitesse, et inversement.
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