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Test Bank For Invitation to The Life Span 3rd Edition By Berger

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1. The single cell formed from the union of two gametes, a sperm and an ovum, is called a _____. A) chromosome B) phenotype C) genotype D) zygote 2. Every person begins life as a single cell, which is called a _____. A) chromosome B) zygote C) genotype D) deoxyribonucleic aci...

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  • September 26, 2023
  • 683
  • 2022/2023
  • Exam (elaborations)
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  • test bank for life span
  • test bank for invitation to the life span

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, 1. List in order the six basic steps of the scientific method, and explain each of them.


2. Define nature and nurture, and give an example of each. Also describe the nature–
nurture debate.


3. Explain epigenetics, and describe the perspective most modern developmentalists take
on the nature–nurture debate.


4. Define a critical period and a sensitive period. Explain the difference between the two
periods, and give an example of each.


5. Explain Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems theory and describe his five systems.


6. Define cohort, explain its effects, and give an example of one.


7. Describe culture, and explain why researchers interested in human development study
different cultures.


8. Define and discuss the term plasticity as it relates to human development. What factors
influence plasticity in development? Offer at least one example of plasticity that has
operated or is operating in your own life.


9. What is a developmental theory? Identify the three things discussed in the text that a
theory can do.


10. Freud's theory of psychosexual development and Erikson's theory of psychosocial
development are two examples of psychoanalytic theories. Describe two similarities of
the theories and two differences between them.


11. Describe classical and operant conditioning, and name the researcher who first proposed
each type of conditioning.


12. Explain social learning theory. Who first described it, where does it come from, and
what does it emphasize?




Page 1

,13. List Piaget's four stages of cognitive development in order, and explain what Piaget
believed causes intellectual advancement.


14. Define information-processing theory. According to this theory, what is the process that
underlies cognition?


15. Name and describe each of the five levels in Maslow's hierarchy of needs in order.


16. Describe the two biologically based drives associated with evolutionary theory, and
explain how selective adaptation relates to this theory.


17. Name four kinds of theories, and describe how they have contributed to science's
understanding of human development.


18. Imagine you are interested in the relationship between age and reading ability for
children at 8 and 12 years old. Briefly define cross-sectional design, and summarize
how you could test this relationship using that design.


19. What practices must be built into a research study to protect participants?


20. Define correlation, and give an example. Can one determine cause and effect from
correlations? Explain why or why not.


21. What are ethics, and why are ethical standards so important to scientific research?




Page 2

, Answer Key

1. Step 1: Begin with curiosity. Pose a question based on a theory, prior research, or
personal observation. Step 2: Develop a hypothesis, which is a specific research
question that can be tested through research. Step 3: Test the hypothesis. Design and
conduct research to gather empirical evidence (data). Step 4: Draw conclusions. Using
the evidence gathered in the research, conclude whether the hypothesis is supported or
refuted. Step 5: Report the results by sharing the data, conclusions, and alternative
explanations with other scientists. Step 6: Repeat the study, usually using different
participants.

Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (1-0 pts)
List steps of States six of the steps States three of the States fewer than three
scientific method in in order steps in order steps or does not state
order the steps in order
Explain each step Describes the six steps Describes three steps Describes fewer than
three steps or does not
describe steps
accurately
2. Nature refers to the influence of genes on a person, and nurture refers to environmental
influences on a person. Environmental influences include the health and diet of the
embryo's mother and continues lifelong, including family, school, community, and
society. An example of nature would be having a gene that predisposes one to addiction.
An example of nurture would be having that gene but avoiding addictions as a result of
not being exposed to abuse or parental addictions. The debate concerns how much of
any person's characteristics, behaviors, or emotions is the result of genes and how much
is the result of the person's experiences.

Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (1-0 pts)
Define nature and Accurately defines Accurately defines Does not accurately
nurture both terms and gives one term and gives at define both terms or
an example of both least one accurate supply accurate
example examples
Describe the debate Accurately describes Accurately describes Does not accurately
both sides of the one side of the debate describe the debate
debate




Page 3

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